Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Spring and Autumn period)

This is a family tree of Chinese monarchs during the Spring and Autumn period.

Family trees of Chinese monarchs (ancient) (Spring and Autumn period) (Warring States period) (early) (middle) (late)

Spring and Autumn period

Main article: Spring and Autumn period

The Spring and Autumn period was a period in Chinese history from approximately 770 to 476 BC (or according to some authorities until 403 BC^[a])^[2] which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 479 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BCE).

Jin

Main article: Jin (Chinese state)

Jin state

Emperor Ku 嚳 Houji 后稷 Buzhu 不窋 Ju 鞠 Gongliu 公劉 Qingjie 慶節 Huangpu 皇僕 Chaifu 差弗 Huiyu 毀渝 Gongfei 公非 Gaoyu 高圉 Yayu 亞圉 Gongshu Zulei 公叔祖類 Duke Zulei of Shu Tai of Zhou 周太王 Jili 季歷 Wu Taibo 吳太伯 Zhongyong 仲雍 Wen of Zhou 周文王 1152-1099 –1050–1056BC State of Wu Wu of Zhou 武王 ?–(1050–)1046 –1043 BC Cheng of Zhou 周成王 1042–1021 BC Shu Yu of Tang 唐叔虞 1042–? BCE Kang of Zhou 周康王 1021–996 BC Xie of Jin 晉侯燮 Zhou dynasty Wu of Jin 晉武侯 Cheng of Jin 晉成侯 Li of Jin 晉厲侯  ?–859 BC Jing of Jin 晉靖侯 858–841 BC Xi of Jin 晉釐侯 841–823 BC Boqiao 伯僑 Xian of Jin 晉獻侯 823–812 BC □ Mu of Jin 晉穆侯 812–785 BC Shang Shu 晉殤叔 785–781BC Tu 突 Wen of Jin 晉文侯 780–746 BC Huan Shu of Quwo 曲沃桓叔 745–731 BC Zhao of Jin 晉昭侯 745–739BC Zhuang Bo of Quwo 曲沃莊伯 731–716 BCE Wuzi of Han 韩武子 Xiao of Jin 晉孝侯 739–724 BC Wu of Quwo and Jin 曲沃(晉)武公 679–677 BC Qiubo of Han 韓赇伯 E of Jin 晉鄂侯 724–718 BC Xian of Jin 晉獻公 676–651 BC Hán Jiǎn 韓简 Ai of Jin 晉哀侯 717–709 BC Min of Jin 晉侯緡 704–678 BCE Shensheng 申生 d. 655 BC Wen of Jin 重耳 697–636–628 BC Hui of Jin 晉惠公 650–637 BC Xiqi of Jin 奚齊 665–651 BC Zhuozi of Jin 卓子 d. 651 Ziyu 子舆 Xiaozi of Jin 晉小子侯 708–705 BC Xiang of Jin 晋襄公 627–621 BC Cheng of Jin 晋成公 606–600 BC Huai of Jin 晉懷公 637 BC Xianzi of Han 韩献子 Ling of Jin 晋灵公 620–607 BC Jie 桓叔捷 Jing of Jin 晋景公 599–581 BC State of Han Tan 惠伯談 Li of Jin 晋厉公 580–573 BC Dao of Jin 晉悼公 586–573-558 BC Ping of Jin 晋平公 557–532 BC Zhao of Jin 晋昭公 531–526 BC Qing of Jin 晉頃公 525–512 BC 戴子雍 Ding of Jin 晉定公 511–475 BC Ji 忌 Chu of Jin 晉出公 474–452 BC Jing of Jin 晉敬公 451–434 BC You of Jin 晉幽公 433–416 BC Lie of Jin 晉烈公 415–389 BC Huan of Jin 晉桓公 388–369 BC Jing of Jin 晉靜公 356–349 BC(?)

Lu

Main article: Lu (state)

Lu state

Three Huan Duke of Zhou 周公旦 Bo Qin 伯禽 Duke Kao 鲁考公 Duke Yang 鲁炀公 Duke You 鲁幽公 Duke Wei 鲁魏公 Duke Li 鲁厉公 Duke Xian 鲁献公 Duke Zhen 鲁真公 ?-855-825BC Duke Wu 鲁武公 ?-825-816BC 括 Duke Yi 鲁懿公 ?-816-807BC Duke Xiao 鲁孝公 ?-796-769BC Bo Yu 伯御 ?-807-796BC Duke Hui 鲁惠公 ?-769-723BC 公子益师 衆氏 ?-722BC 公子展 展氏 郈惠伯 郈氏 公子彄 臧孙氏 ?-718BC Duke Yin 鲁隐公 ?-723-712BC Duke Huan 鲁桓公 ?-712-694BC 施父 施氏 Qingfu 庆父 孟孙氏 ?-660BC Duke Zhuang 鲁莊公 706-694-662BC Shuya 叔牙 叔孙氏 ?-662BC Jiyou 季友 季孙氏 ?-644BC Zi Ban 子般 ?-662BC Duke Xi 鲁僖公 ?-660-627BC Duke Min 鲁闵公 670-662-660BC 公子遂 东门氏 ?-601BC Duke Wen 鲁文公 ?-627-609BC 恶 ?-609BC 视 ?-609BC Duke Xuan 鲁宣公 ?-609-591BC 叔肹 子叔氏 ?-592BC Duke Cheng 鲁成公 ?-591-573BC 公子偃 ?-575BC 公子鉏 Duke Xiang 鲁襄公 575-573-542BC 公衡 Zi Ye 子野 ?-542BC Duke Zhao 鲁昭公 560-542-510BC Duke Ding 鲁定公 ?-510-495BC 公衍 公为 ?-484 公果 公贲 Duke Ai 鲁哀公 ?-495-468BC Duke Dao 鲁悼公 ?-468-437BC 公子荆 孺子𪏆 Duke Yuan 鲁元公 ?-437-416BC Duke Mu 鲁穆公 ?-416-383BC Duke Gong 鲁共公 ?-383-353BC Duke Kang 鲁康公 ?-353-344BC Duke Jing 鲁景公 ?-344-323BC Duke Ping 鲁平公 ?-323-303BC Duke Wen 鲁文公 ?-303-280BC Duke Qing 鲁顷公 ?-280-256-249BC

Song

Main article: Song (state)

Song state

^(1) Weizi 微子啟 ^(2) Weizhong 微仲 □ ^(3) Ji 宋公稽 腯 ^(4) Duke Ding 宋丁公 ^(5) Duke Min I 宋湣公 ^(6) Duke Yang 宋炀公 弗父何 ^(7) Duke Li 宋厉公 ^(8) Duke Xi 宋僖公 ?-859-831BC ^(9) Duke Hui 宋惠公 ?-831-801BC ^(10) Duke Ai 宋哀公 ?-801-800BC ^(11) Duke Dai 宋戴公 ?-800-766BC ^(12) Duke Wu 宋武公 ?-766-748BC 好父说 乐父衎 皇父充石 □ 老氏 ^(13) Duke Xuan 宋宣公 ?-748-729BC ^(14) Duke Mu 宋穆公 ?-729-720BC 华父督 ^(15) Duke Shang 宋殇公 ?-720-710BC ^(16) Duke Zhuang 宋庄公 ?-710-692BC 左师勃 ^(18) Ziyou 子游 ?-682BC ^(17) Duke Min II 宋闵公 ?-692-682BC ^(19) Duke Huan I 宋桓公 ?-682-651BC 右师戊 仲氏 公子成 □ 子鱼 ^(20) Duke Xiang 宋襄公 ?-651-637BC 公子荡 公子鳞 向父肹 公孙固 ?-620BC ^(21) Duke Cheng 宋成公 ?-637-620BC ^(22) Yu 禦 ?-620BC □ □ ^(23) Duke Zhao I 宋昭公 ?-620-611BC ^(24) Duke Wen 宋文公 ?-611-589BC 公子卬 ?-619BC 母弟须 ?-609BC 孔叔 ?-619BC 公孙钟离 ?-619BC ^(25) Duke Gong 宋共公 ?-589-576BC 公子围龟 灵氏 ?-586BC 公子肥 ?-576BC ^(26) Duke Ping 宋平公 ?-576-532BC 褚师段 石氏 太子痤 ?-547BC ^(27) Duke Yuan 宋元公 ?-532-517BC 公子城 公子御戎 边氏 ?-522BC ^(28) Duke Jing 宋景公 ?-517-469BC 公子地 母弟辰 公子褍秦 公孙周 ^(30) Duke Zhao II 宋昭公 ?-469-404BC ^(29) Qi 启 ?-469BC-? ^(31) Duke Dao 宋悼公 ?-404-385BC ^(34) Lord Ticheng 宋剔成君 ?-356-329-? ^(35) Yan 宋康王 ?-329-286BC-? ^(32) Duke Xiu 宋休公 ?-385-363BC ^(33) Duke Huan II 宋桓公 ?-363-356BC

Wey

Main article: Wey (state)

Wey state

adoption unknown descent ^(1) Kang Shu 卫康叔 ^(2) Count Kang 卫康伯 ^(3) Count Kao 卫考伯 ^(4) Count Si 卫嗣伯 ^(5) Count Zhi 衞摯伯 ^(6) Count Jing 卫靖伯 ^(7) Count Zhen 卫贞伯 □ ^(8) Marquis Qing 卫顷侯 ?- 867- 855 BC Shi Que 石碏 Shi clan 石氏 ^(9) Marquis Xi 卫僖侯 ?- 855- 813 BC ^(10) Count Gong 卫共伯 ?- 813 BC BC ^(11) Duke Wu 卫武公 852- 813- 758 BC ^(12) Duke Zhuang I 卫庄公 ?- 758- 735 BC Huisun 惠孙 Sun clan 孙氏 Jiwei 季亹 Ning clan 甯氏 Count Xiao 孝伯 ^(13) Duke Huan 卫桓公 ?- 735- 719 BC ^(14) Zhouyu 州吁 ?- 719 BC ^(15) Duke Xuan 卫宣公 ?- 719- 700 BC Yougongzi Zhi[i][ii] 右公子职 ?- 688 BC Zuogongzi Xie[i][iii] 左公子泄 ?- 688 BC Viscount Ji 急子 ?- 701 BC ^(17) Gongzi Qianmou[i] 公子黔牟 ?- 696- 688 BC Count Zhao 昭伯 Viscount Shou 寿子 ?- 701 BC ^(16) Duke Hui 卫惠公 714- 700- 696- 688- 669 BC Viscount Qi 齐子 ^(19) Duke Dai 卫戴公 ?- 660 BC ^(20) Duke Wen 卫文公 ?- 660- 635 BC ^(18) Duke Yi 卫懿公 ?- 669- 660 BC □ Qi clan 齐氏 ^(21) Duke Cheng 卫成公 ?- 635- 632- 630- 600 BC Shu Wu 叔武 ?- 632 BC ^(22) Gongzi He[i] 公子瑕 ?- 632- 630 BC Ziyi 子仪 ?- 630 BC ^(23) Duke Mu 卫穆公 ?- 600- 589 BC Viscount Qing 顷子 Beigong clan 北宫氏 ^(24) Duke Ding 卫定公 ?- 589- 577 BC Zishu Heibei 子叔黑背 ^(25) Duke Xian 卫献公 ?- 577- 559- 547- 544 BC Gongzi Zhuan[i] 公子鱄 Viscount Zhan 子展 ^(26) Duke Shang 卫殇公 ?- 559- 547 BC □ ^(27) Duke Xiang 卫襄公 ?- 544- 535 BC Dang, Viscount of Cheng 成子当 Gongshu clan 公叔氏 Gongzi Jing[i] 公子荆 Taizi Jiao[iv] 太子角 ?- 547 BC Xi Zhuchu 析朱鉏 Xi clan 析氏 Gongmeng Zhi 公孟絷 ?- 522 BC Gongmeng clan 公孟氏 ^(28) Duke Ling 卫灵公 540- 535- 493 BC □ Gongmeng Kou 公孟彄 ^(30) Duke Zhuang II 卫庄公 ?- 479- 478 BC ^(32) Gongzi Qi[i] 公子起 ?- 478- 477 BC-? ^(33) Duke Dao 卫悼公 ?- 456- 451 BC Gongzi Ying[i] 公子郢 Nan clan 南氏 ^(31) Gongsun Banshi[v] 公孙斑师 ?- 478 BC-? ^(29) Duke Chu 卫出公 ?- 493- 480- 477- 456 BC Taizi Ji[iv] 太子疾 ?- 478 BC Gongzi Qing[i] 公子青 ?- 478 BC ^(34) Duke Jing 卫敬公 ?- 451- 432 BC Gongsun Mimou[v] 公孙弥牟 Sikou Huizi 司寇惠子 Sikou clan 司寇氏 ^(35) Duke Zhao 卫昭公 ?- 432- 426 BC Gongzi Shi[i] 公子适 Jianzi He 简子瑕 Hu 虎 ^(36) Duke Huai 卫怀公 ?- 426- 415 BC ^(37) Duke Shen 卫慎公 ?- 415- 383 BC ^(38) Duke Sheng 卫声公 ?- 383- 372 BC ^(39) Marquis Cheng 卫成侯 ?- 372- 343 BC ^(40) Marquis Ping 卫平侯 ?- 343- 335 BC ^(41) Lord Si 卫嗣君 ?- 335- 293 BC ^(42) Lord Huai 卫怀君 ?- 293- 252 BC ^(43) Lord Yuan 卫元君 ?- 252- 242 BC ^(44) Jiao 卫君角 ?- 242- 209 BC Gōngzǐ (Chinese: 公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son') is a title attached to the sons of a ruler. Yòugōngzǐ (Chinese: 右公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son of the Right') indicates the title holder being a son of a ruler. Zuǒgōngzǐ (Chinese: 左公子; lit. 'The Lord's Son of the Left') indicates the title holder being a son of a ruler. Tàizǐ (Chinese: 太子; lit. 'The (Lord's) Heir Apparent') indicates the title holder being the eldest son of a ruler. Gōngsūn (Chinese: 公孙; lit. 'The Lord's Grandson') is a title attached to the paternal grandsons of a ruler. In two instances above, Gongsun Banshi was a grandson of Duke Xiang, while Gongsun Mimou was a grandson of Duke Ling. If a person was also a son of a ruler, the title Gōngzǐ (公子) was used instead.

Zheng

Main article: Zheng (state)

Zheng state

Seven Mu Duke Huan of Zheng 郑桓公 806–771 BC Duke Wu of Zheng 郑武公 770–744 BC Duke Zhuang of Zheng 郑庄公 757–743 BC – 701 BC Gongshu Duan 共叔段 Duke Zhao of Zheng 郑昭公 700 696–695 BC Duke Li of Zheng 郑厉公 700–697 679–673 BC Zheng-zi Wei 鄭子亹 694 BC Zheng-zi Ying 鄭子嬰 693–680 BC 子人 Duke Wen of Zheng 郑文公 672–628 BC 叔詹 太子华 Duke Mu of Zheng 郑穆公 627–606BC 子臧 公子士 公子瑕 子俞弥 Duke Ling of Zheng 郑灵公 605 BC Duke Xiang of Zheng 郑襄公 604–587 BC 子良 子游 子罕 子驷 子国 子孔 孔氏 子印 子丰 士子孔 大季氏 子然 子羽 Duke Dao of Zheng 郑悼公 586–585 BC Prince Xu of Zheng 公子繻 581 BC Duke Cheng of Zheng 郑成公 584–571 BC Zichan Duke Xi of Zheng 郑僖公 570–566 BC Duke Jian of Zheng 郑简公 570–565 BC – 530 BC Duke Ding of Zheng 郑定公 529–514 BC Duke Xian of Zheng 郑献公 513–501 BC Duke Sheng of Zheng 郑声公 500–463 BC Duke Gong of Zheng 郑共公 455–424 BC Duke Ai of Zheng 郑哀公 462–455 BC Duke You of Zheng 郑幽公 423 BC Duke Kang of Zheng 郑康公 395–375 BC Duke Xu of Zheng 郑繻公 422–396 BC

Cai

Main article: Cai (state)

Cai state rulers

Shu Du of Cai 蔡叔度 Ruler of Cai 1046 BC – ? Ji Hu 姬胡 Zhong Hu of Cai 蔡仲 Ruler of Cai Ji Huang 姬荒 Earl Huang of Cai 蔡伯荒 Ruler of Cai Marquis Gōng of Cai 蔡宫侯 Ruler of Cai Marquis Li of Cai 蔡厉侯 Ruler of Cai ?–863 BC Wu of Cai 蔡武侯 Marquis of Cai ?–864–838 BC Yi of Cai 蔡夷侯 Marquis of Cai ?–838–810 BC Ji Suǒshi 姬所事 Xi of Cai 蔡僖侯 Marquis of Cai ?–810–762 BC Ji Xīng 姬興 Gòng of Cai 蔡共侯 Marquis of Cai ?–762–760 BC Dai of Cai 蔡戴侯 Marquis of Cai ?–760–750 BC Ji Cuòfu 姬措父 Xuan of Cai 蔡宣侯 Marquis of Cai ?–750–715 BC Jī Fēngrén 姫封人 Huan of Cai 蔡桓侯 Marquis of Cai ?–715–695 BC Jī Xiànwǔ 姫獻舞 Ai of Cai 蔡哀侯 Marquis of Cai ?–695–675 BC Jī Xì 姬肸 Mu of Cai 蔡穆侯 Marquis of Cai ?–675–646 BC Jī Jiǎwǔ 姬甲午 Zhuang of Cai 蔡庄侯 Marquis of Cai ?–646–612 BC Jī Shēn 姬申 Wen of Cai 蔡文侯 Marquis of Cai ?–612–592 BC Ducal Son Prince Xiè 公子燮 ?–553 BC Ducal Son Prince Lǚ 公子履 Jī Gù 姬固 Jing of Cai 蔡景侯 Marquis of Cai ?–592–543 BC Jī Bān 姬般 Ling of Cai 蔡灵侯 Marquis of Cai ?–543–531 BC 隐太子 ?–530 BC Jī Lú 姬廬 Ping of Cai 蔡平侯 Marquis of Cai ?–530–522 BC Jī Dōngguó 姬東國 Dao of Cai 蔡悼侯 Marquis of Cai ?–522–519 BC Jī Shēn 姬申 Zhao of Cai 蔡昭侯 Marquis of Cai ?–519–491 BC Marquis Zhū of Cai 蔡侯朱 Marquis of Cai ?–522–? BC Jī Shuò 姬朔 Cheng of Cai 蔡成侯 Marquis of Cai ?–491–472 BC Yuán 元 Gān 乾 Jī Chuǎn 姬産 Sheng of Cai 蔡声侯 Marquis of Cai ?–472–457 BC Yuan of Cai 蔡元侯 Marquis of Cai ?–457–451 BC Jī Qí 姬齊 Qi of Cai 蔡侯齐 Marquis of Cai ?–451–447 BC

Cao

Main article: Cao (state)

Cao state

Cao Shu Zhenduo 曹叔振铎 Count Tai of Cao 曹太伯 Lord Zhong of Cao 曹仲君 Count Gong of Cao 曹宫伯 Count Xiao of Cao 曹孝伯 Count Yi of Cao 曹夷伯 ?-865-835BC Count You of Cao 曹幽伯 ?-835-826BC Count Dai of Cao 曹戴伯 ?-826-796BC Count Hui of Cao 曹惠伯 ?-795-760BC Count Fei of Cao 石甫 ?-760BC Duke Mu of Cao 曹缪公 ?-760-757BC Duke Huan of Cao 曹桓公 ?-757-702BC Duke Zhuang of Cao 曹庄公 ?-702-671BC 曹羁 Duke Li of Cao 曹僖公 ?-671-662BC Duke Zhao of Cao 曹昭公 ?-662-653BC Duke Gong of Cao 曹共公 ?-653-618BC Duke Wen of Cao 曹文公 ?-618-595BC Duke Xuan of Cao 曹宣公 ?-595-578BC 太子 Duke Cheng of Cao 曹成公 ?-578-555BC 公子欣时 Duke Wu of Cao 曹武公 ?-555-528BC 公孙会 Duke Ping of Cao 曹平公 ?-528-524BC Duke Yin of Cao 曹隐公 ?-510-506BC Duke Dao of Cao 曹悼公 ?-524-515BC Duke Sheng of Cao 曹声公 ?-515-510BC Duke Jing of Cao 曹靖公 ?-506-502BC Cao Bo yang 曹伯阳 ?-502-487BC

Chen

Main article: Chen (state)

Chen state

^(1)Duke Hu 胡公滿 1071-1045-986 ^(2)Duke Shēn 陈申公 犀侯 ？-985-961BC ^(3)Duke Xiang 陈相公 皋羊 ？-960-939 ^(4)Duke Xiao 陈孝公 突 ？-938-905BC ^(5)Duke Shèn 陈慎公 圉戎 ？-904-855BC ^(6)Duke You 陈幽公 寧 ?-854-832BC ^(7)Duke Xi 陈僖公 孝 ?-832-796BC ^(8)Duke Wu 陈武公 靈 ?-796-781BC □ ^(9)Duke Yi 陈夷公 说 ?-781-778BC ^(10)Duke Ping 陈平公 燮 ?-778-755BC 鍼子 ^(11)Duke Wen 陈文公 圉 ?-755-745BC ^(12)Duke Huan 陈桓公 鮑 754-745-707BC ^(13)Chen Tuo 陈佗 754-707BC 免 ?-707BC ^(14)Duke Li 陈厉公 躍 ?-707-700BC □ 庆氏 ^(15)Duke Zhuang 陈庄公 林 ?-700-693BC Chen Wanm 完 706BC-? Tian Qi ^(16)Duke Xuan 陈宣公 杵臼 ?-693-648BC 御寇 ?-672BC ^(17)Duke Mu 陈穆公 款 ?-648-632BC 少西 夏氏 □ 宗氏 ^(18)Duke Gong 陈共公 朔 ?-632-614BC 御叔 ^(19)Duke Ling 陈灵公 平國 ?-614-599BC ^(20)Xia Zhengshu 夏徵舒 ?-599BC ^(21)Duke Cheng 陈成公 午 ?-599-569BC ^(22)Duke Ai 陈哀公 弱 ?-569-534BC 黃 招]] 过 ？-534BC 偃師 ?-534BC ^(23)Prince Liu 留 ?-534BC-? 胜 □ ^(24)Duke Hui 陈惠公 吳 ?-529-506BC 貞子 ^(25)Duke Huai 陈怀公 柳 ?-506-502BC-? ^(26)Duke Min 陈闵公 越 ?-502-478BC

Wu

Main article: Wu (state)

State of Wu

Tai King of Zhou 周太王 ^(1)Taibo 太伯 ^(2) Zhongyong 仲雍 Jili King of Zhou 季歷 ^(3)Jijian 季简 Chang 昌 Wen of Zhou 周文王 1099–1152BC –1056-1050 ^(4)Shuda 叔达 Wu of Zhou ?–1046–1043BC ^(5)Zhouzhang 周章 Yuzhong 虞仲 State of Yu 虞国 Zhou dynasty ^(6)Xiongsui 熊遂 ^(7)Kexiang 柯相 ^(8)Qiangjiuyi 彊鳩夷 ^(9)Yuqiaoyiwu 餘橋疑吾 ^(10)Kelu 柯卢 ^(11) Zhouyao 周繇 ^(12) Quyu 屈羽 ^(13) Yiwu 夷吾 ^(14) Qinchu 禽处 ^(15) Zhuan 转 ^(16)Pogao 颇高 ^(17) Goubei 句卑 ^(18) Quqi 去齐 ^(19) Shoumeng 寿梦 ?–586–561 BC ^(23)Liao 僚 ?–527–515 BC Jueyou 蹶由 ^(20) Zhufan 诸樊 ?–561–548 BC ^(21) Yuji 余祭 ?–548–531 BC ^(22) Yumei 餘昧 ?–531–527 BC Yanyu 掩余 Zhuyong 烛庸 Jizha 季札 Crown Prince Zhufan 太子诸樊 Qingji 庆忌 Tong 通 ^(23) Helü 阖闾 ?–515–496 BC Fugai 夫概 ?–505 BC-? Cheng 逞 Zhonglei 终累 ^(24) Fuchai 夫差 ?–496–473 BC Zishan 子山 Crown Prince You 太子友 Prince Gucao 王子姑曹 Prince Di 王子地

Notes

1. The Partition of Jin, the watershed between the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods took several decades, thus there is some debate between scholars as to the exact date. 481 BCE, 475 BC, and 468 BC are other common dates selected by historians.^[1]

References

1. Kiser & Cai 2003.
2. Hsu 1990, p. 547.

Sources

• Kiser, Edgar; Cai, Young (2003), "War and bureaucratization in Qin China: Exploring an anomalous case", American Sociological Review, 68 (4): 511–39, doi:10.2307/1519737, JSTOR 1519737
• Hsu, Cho-yun (1990), "The Spring and Autumn Period", in Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L (eds.), The Cambridge history of ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 BC, Cambridge University Press, pp. 545–86, ISBN 9780521470308
• Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1934). The Chinese: their history and culture. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
• Victor H. Mair; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; Paul Rakita Goldin (2005). Victor H. Mair; Nancy Shatzman Steinhardt; Paul Rakita Goldin (eds.). Hawai'i reader in traditional Chinese culture (illustrated ed.). University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0824827856. Retrieved October 24, 2022.