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Erwin von Witzleben
Erwin von Witzleben
	Field Marshal von Witzleben in 1940 or 1941
Born	4 December 1881; Breslau, Province of Silesia, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire (present-day Wrocław, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland)
Died	8 August 1944 (aged 62); Plötzensee Prison, Berlin, Nazi Germany
Allegiance	German Empire Kingdom of Prussia (1901–1918); Weimar Republic (1918–1933); Nazi Germany (1933–1944); German resistance (1944)
Service / branch	Imperial German Army Prussian Army; Reichsheer; Wehrmacht (Heer)
Years of service	1901–1944
Rank	Generalfeldmarschall
Commands	1st Army; OB West
Battles / wars	First World War Battle of Verdun; Battle of Champagne; Second World War Saar Offensive; Battle of France;
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben (4 December 1881 – 8 August 1944) was a German Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) in the Wehrmacht during the Second World War. A leading conspirator in the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler,^[1] he was designated to become Commander-in-Chief of the Wehrmacht in a post-Nazi regime, had the plot succeeded.

Early years

Erwin von Witzleben was born in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland) in the Prussian province of Silesia, the son of Georg von Witzleben (1838–1898), a Hauptmann (captain) in the Prussian Army, and his wife, Therese née Brandenburg. The Witzleben family was an Uradel family of old nobility and many military officers, originating in Witzleben, Thuringia.

Witzleben completed the Prussian Cadet Corps program at Liegnitz Ritter-Akademie in Silesia and in Lichterfelde near Berlin, and on 22 June 1901 joined Grenadier Regiment König Wilhelm I No. 7 in Liegnitz, Silesia (now Legnica, Poland) as a Leutnant (lieutenant). In 1910, he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant).

In 1907 he married Else Kleeberg from Chemnitz, Saxony with whom he had a son and a daughter.

First World War

At the beginning of the First World War, Witzleben served as brigade adjutant in the 19th Reserve Infantry Brigade before being promoted to Hauptmann and company chief in the Reserve Infantry Regiment No.6 in October 1914. Later, in the same regiment, he became battalion commander. His unit fought in Verdun, the Champagne region and Flanders among other places. He was seriously wounded and was awarded the Iron Cross, both first and second classes. Afterwards, he was sent to General Staff training and witnessed the war end as First General Staff Officer of the 121st Division.

The Interwar Years

Retained in the Reichswehr following the end of the war, Witzleben first held a company commander position. In 1923, he found himself as a Major on the staff of the Fourth Division in Dresden. In 1928, he became a battalion commander in the 6th Infantry Regiment and retained that position as Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) the following year. After promotion to Oberst (colonel) in 1931, he became commanding officer of 8th (Prussian) Infantry Regiment in Frankfurt an der Oder.

Shortly before Adolf Hitler seized power with the Enabling Act of 1933, Witzleben became commanding officer of Infanterieführer VI in Hanover. He was promoted to Generalmajor (major general) on 1 February 1934 and moved to Potsdam as the new commander of the 3rd Infantry Division. He succeeded General Werner von Fritsch as commander of Wehrkreis III in which role he remained from 1934 to 1938. He was promoted to Generalleutnant (lieutenant general) and in the newly established Wehrmacht became commander of III Army Corps in Berlin in September 1935. In 1936, he was promoted to General der Infanterie (general of infantry).

As early as 1934, Witzleben showed his opposition to the Nazi regime when he and generals Erich von Manstein, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, and Gerd von Rundstedt demanded an inquiry into the deaths of generals Kurt von Schleicher and Ferdinand von Bredow in the Night of the Long Knives. As a result of that and his criticism of Hitler's persecution of Fritsch in the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Witzleben was forced into early retirement in 1938.^{[citation needed]} His retirement did not last however, as Hitler soon needed him in the preparations for the Second World War.

Starting in 1937, Witzleben was a member of the Oster Conspiracy, a group of plotters including Generaloberst (colonel general) Ludwig Beck, generals Erich Hoepner and Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel, Admiral and Chief of the Abwehr Wilhelm Canaris and Abwehr Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) Hans Oster. The men planned to overthrow Hitler in a military coup d'état and avert another European war, which seemed highly likely during the 1938 Sudetenland Crisis, until the Munich Agreement both shocked and demoralized the plotters.^{[citation needed]} Witzleben's units, which garrisoned the Berlin Defense District, were to have played a decisive role in the planned coup.

In November 1938, Witzleben was installed as commander-in-chief of Army Group Command 2 based in Frankfurt. He was also involved in Generaloberst Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord's conspiracy plans of 1939. Hammerstein-Equord planned to seize Hitler outright in a kind of frontal assault while Witzleben would shut down the Nazi headquarters, but the plan was also abandoned.

Second World War

In September 1939, Witzleben, then a Generaloberst, took command of the 1st Army, stationed at the Western Front. When Germany attacked France on 10 May 1940, the First Army was part of Army Group C. On 14 June it broke through the Maginot line, and within three days had forced several French divisions to surrender. For this, Witzleben was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross; and on 19 July, he was promoted to Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) during the 1940 Field Marshal Ceremony.

On 1 May 1941 he was appointed Commander-in-Chief OB West, succeeding Generalfeldmarschall Rundstedt, but only a year later, on 15 March 1942, he took leave from that position for health reasons. Some sources, however, claim that he was again forcibly retired at this time after he had criticized the regime for its invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in Operation Barbarossa.

20 July 1944

In 1944, the conspirators around Claus von Stauffenberg saw Witzleben as the key man in their plans. Whereas Generaloberst Beck was seen as a prospective provisional head of state, and Generaloberst Hoepner was in line to command the inner Ersatzheer ("Replacement Army") forces, Witzleben was to become commander-in-chief of the Wehrmacht, becoming the ranking officer of the new regime.

However, on 20 July 1944, the day of Stauffenberg's attempt on Hitler's life at the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia, Witzleben did not arrive at the Bendlerblock in Berlin from the OKH-HQ (Oberkommando des Heeres headquarters) at Zossen to assume command of the coup forces until 8 p.m., when it was already clear that the coup attempt had failed. He then protested angrily that it had been bungled and left after 45 minutes to return to Zossen, where he reported the situation to General der Artillerie Eduard Wagner and then drove back to his country estate, 30 mi away, where he was arrested the next day by Generalleutnant Viktor Linnarz of the OKH personnel office.

He was then cast out of the Wehrmacht by the so-called "Court of Honour" (Ehrenhof), a conclave of officers set up after the attempted assassination to remove officers from the Wehrmacht who had been involved in the plot, mainly so that they were no longer subject to German military law and could be arraigned in a show trial before the Nazi People's Court (Volksgerichtshof).

Trial and death

On 7 August 1944, Witzleben was in the first group of accused conspirators to be brought before the People's Court. Ravaged by the conditions of his Gestapo arrest, he surprisingly approached the bench giving the Nazi salute,^[2] for which he was rebuked by the presiding judge Roland Freisler.

Witzleben was sentenced to death on the same day. Witzleben gave these closing words in court, addressed to Freisler:

You can turn us over to the executioner. In three months the outraged and tormented people will call you to account and drag you through the filth in the streets alive.

Much of the court proceedings, including scenes of Witzleben's trial, was filmed for the German weekly newsreel Die Deutsche Wochenschau;^{[citation needed]} however, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels decided against releasing the footage, firstly because Freisler's abusive ranting in the courtroom might draw sympathy for the accused, and secondly because the regime wanted to quell public discussion of the event. The material was classified as secret (Geheime Reichssache).^{[citation needed]}

Witzleben was put to death the same day at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. By Hitler's direct orders, he was hanged from a meat hook with a thin hemp rope,^[3] often mistakenly reported as a piano wire, and the execution was filmed,^[4]^[5] with the footage since lost.^[6]

Decorations

Iron Cross (1914)^[7]
- 2nd Class
- 1st Class
Wound Badge (1914)
- in Black^[7]
Knight's Cross of the House Order of Hohenzollern^[7]
Knight of Justice of the Order of Saint John
Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918
Sudetenland Medal
West Wall Medal
Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939)
- 2nd Class
- 1st Class
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 24 June 1940 as Generaloberst and commander of 1. Armee^[8]
Military Merit Order, 4th class with Swords (Bavaria)^[7]
Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg^[7]
Cross of Honour 3rd Class with swords and crown (Reuss)^[7]
Wound Badge of 1918 in Black^[9]
Prussian Service Award Cross^[9]
Silesian Eagle, 2nd class^[9]
Knight of Honour of the Order of Saint John^[9]
Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 1st class with Oak Leaves^[9]
German Olympic Decoration, 1st class^[9]

Depiction in media

Witzleben's role in the 1944 plot to overthrow Hitler is depicted in a novel published by William L. Shirer,^[10] and described at much greater length in Shirer's 1960 history of Nazi Germany, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.^[11]
East German actor Otto Dierichs depicted Witzleben in the 1970 Eastern Bloc co-production Liberation.
Joachim Bißmeier portrays Witzleben in the 2004 TV film, Stauffenberg.
English actor David Schofield portrays Witzleben in the 2008 film Valkyrie.

References

Citations

^ Exponat: Photo: Witzleben, Erwin von, 1941–1944 Archived 2014-08-05 at the Wayback Machine at www.dhm.de
^ In the Name of the Volk: Political Justice in Hitler's Germany Hannsjoachim Wolfgang Koch & I. B. Tauris (November 15, 1997), p. 198
^ Manvell, Roger; Fraenkel, Heinrich (1966). The Men Who Tried To Kill Hitler. New York: Pocket Books Inc. pp. 160–161.
^ "His execution on 8 August 1944 was a particularly grisly affair. The 63-year-old field marshal was pushed into a cellar at Berlin's Plötzensee prison, placed under a meat hook and, half-naked with a running noose around his head, he was lifted and slowly strangled." Robert Solomon Wistrich, "Witzleben, Erwin von (1881–1944) General Field Marshal of the Wehrmacht", Who's Who in Nazi Germany, (Routledge, 2001), p. 279–80
^ "SS men were filming.... Gestapo people were in the shed, and so was the cameraman." Eyewitness Viktor von Gostomski documented the execution in Brigitte Oleschinski, Plötzensee Memorial Center, translated by John Grossman, (Berlin: Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, 2002), p. 35. (in English)
^ Shirer, W. L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 1071.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres, p. 115.
^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 450.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Generalfeldmarschall Job Wilhelm Georg Erdmann Erwin von Witzleben" (in German). Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^ William L. Shirer, The Traitor (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1950), pp. 266, 279, 288, & 314-18.
^ William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), Chapter 29.

Bibliography

Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
Reichswehrministerium, ed. (1930). Rangliste des Deutschen Reichsheeres (in German). Berlin, Germany: Mittler & Sohn Verlag. OCLC 10573418.
Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.

External links

http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/WitzlebenErwin/index.html Archived 2000-05-30 at the Wayback Machine
Newspaper clippings about Erwin von Witzleben in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Military offices
Preceded by none	Commander of 1. Armee 26 August 1939 – 23 October 1940	Succeeded by General Johannes Blaskowitz
Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt	*Oberbefehlshaber West* 1 May 1941 – 15 March 1942	Succeeded by Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt