Eotetrapodiformes

Eotetrapodiformes Temporal range: Middle Devonian–Present
Skull of the tristichopterid Platycephalichthys in CosmoCaixa Barcelona
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Clade:	Tetrapodomorpha
Clade:	Eotetrapodiformes Coates & Friedman, 2010
Subgroups
†Tristichopteridae (Possibly paraphyletic)[1] Elpistostegalia

Eotetrapodiformes is a clade of tetrapodomorphs including the four-limbed vertebrates ("tetrapods" in the traditional sense) and their closest finned relatives, two groups of stem tetrapods called tristichopterids and elpistostegalids.

Description

This clade is defined as "the node-based clade arising from the most recent common ancestor of Eusthenopteron and Ichthyostega plus all of its descendants," for their litany of shared morphological characteristics, such as similarities in their lower jaws and endocrania.^[2] Utilizing the holotype FMNH PF 610 of the sarcopterygian Litoptychus bryanti, paleontologists highlighted the division between the ethmoid and sphenoid processes, as well as vomeral and parasphenoid processes similar to those of more derived tetrapods. Eotetrapodiformes are considered a sister taxon to Megalichthyiformes and Rhizodontida.

History

The clade was named in 2010 by Michael I. Coates and Matt Friedman.

Paleoecology

Biogeography

The majority of eotetrapodimorphs have been discovered from formations from southern Euramerica. The earliest tetrapodomorphs are known from China and Australia, from a time where relatively few examples have been discovered outside of East Asia and eastern Gondwana.

Evolution

Ancestry

Families described in this clade evolved in the lower Devonian period 400 to 5 million years ago. And evolved into other different species. Most of the geological stages that have the highest recorded number of formations are restricted to southern Euramerica where the majority of eotetrapodiform taxa have been discovered.^[3] In Coates and Friedman's seminal paper defining eotetrapodiformes as separate from megalichthyiformes and rhizodontids, they hypothesized that though each clade diversified considerable throughout the Devonian, only the limbed tetrapods survived beyond.^[4]

Cladogram from Swartz, 2012:^[5]

	Megalichthyiformes Eotetrapodiformes Tristichopteridae Tinirau Platycephalichthys Elpistostegalia Panderichthys Tiktaalik Elpistostege Elginerpeton Ventastega Acanthostega Ichthyostega Whatcheeriidae Colosteidae Crassigyrinus Baphetidae Tetrapoda (Crown group)

References

1. Clement, A. M.; Cloutier, R.; Lu, J.; Perilli, E.; Maksimenko, A.; Long, J. (2021). "A fresh look at Cladarosymblema narrienense, a tetrapodomorph fish (Sarcopterygii: Megalichthyidae) from the Carboniferous of Australia, illuminated via X-ray tomography". PeerJ. 9: e12597. doi:10.7717/peerj.12597. PMC 8667741.
2. Coates, M. I.; Friedman, M. (2010). "Litoptychus bryanti and characteristics of stem tetrapod neurocrania". In Elliot, D.K.; Maisey, J.G.; Yu, X.; Miao, D. (eds.). Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes. Pfeil. pp. 389–416. ISBN 978-3-89937-122-2.
3. Gardener, Jacob D; Surya, Kevin; Organ, Chris L (2019). "Early tetrapodomorph biogeography: Controlling for fossil record bias in macroevolutionary analyses". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 18: 699–709.
4. Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes : honoring Meemann Chang. Miman Zhang, David K. Elliott. München: F. Pfeil. 2010. ISBN 978-3-89937-122-2. OCLC 682880899.
5. Swartz, B. (2012). "A marine stem-tetrapod from the Devonian of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e33683. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...733683S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033683. PMC 3308997. PMID 22448265.