Emil Fischer

For other people named Emil Fischer, see Emil Fischer (disambiguation).

Emil Fischer
Fischer c. 1895
Born	Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (1852-10-09)9 October 1852 Euskirchen, Rhine Province
Died	15 July 1919(1919-07-15) (aged 66) Berlin, Germany
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Bonn University of Strasbourg
Known for	Study of sugars & purines
Awards	Davy Medal (1890) ForMemRS (1899)[1] Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1902) Faraday Lectureship Prize (1907) Elliott Cresson Medal (1913)
Scientific career
Fields	Chemistry
Institutions	University of Munich (1875–81) University of Erlangen (1881–88) University of Würzburg (1888–92) University of Berlin (1892–1919)
Doctoral advisor	Adolf von Baeyer Friedrich August Kekulé^[citation needed]
Doctoral students	Alfred Stock Otto Diels Otto Ruff Walter A. Jacobs Ludwig Knorr Oskar Piloty Julius Tafel

Hermann Emil Louis Fischer FRS FRSE FCS (German pronunciation: [ˈeːmiːl ˈfɪʃɐ] ^ⓘ; 9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He discovered the Fischer esterification. He also developed the Fischer projection, a symbolic way of drawing asymmetric carbon atoms. He also hypothesized lock and key mechanism of enzyme action. He never used his first given name, and was known throughout his life simply as Emil Fischer.^[2][3][4][5]

Early years and career

Fischer was born in Euskirchen, near Cologne, the son of Laurenz Fischer, a businessman, and his wife Julie Poensgen. After graduating he wished to study natural sciences, but his father compelled him to work in the family business until determining that his son was unsuitable. Fischer then attended the University of Bonn in 1871, but switched to the University of Strasbourg in 1872.^[6] He earned his doctorate in 1874 under Adolf von Baeyer^[6] with his study of phthaleins.

Fischer remained with Baeyer in Strassburg as an independent research student. In the fall of 1874, he was appointed assistant of the organic laboratory. There in 1875, he discovered and named hydrazines, including unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine, which became important much later during the Space Race, and phenylhydrazine.^[2] The latter compound reacts with carboxylic compounds (aldehydes and ketones) producing crystalline solids. The phenylhydrazones of sugars allowed him to develop his work on the synthesis of sugars and purines, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902. Using the phenylhydrazone of piruvic acid, he developed the synthesis of indole.

In 1875, von Baeyer was asked to succeed Justus von Liebig at the University of Munich and Fischer went there with him to become an assistant in organic chemistry. In 1878 Fischer qualified as a "Privatdozent" at Munich, where he was appointed associate professor of analytical chemistry in 1879.^[7]

In 1882, he was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Erlangen and in 1885 at the University of Würzburg. In 1892 he succeeded von Hofmann as professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin.^[8]

Research

He investigated the derivatives of phenylhydriazines, establishing their relation to the diazo compounds, and he noted the readiness with which they entered into combination with other substances, giving origin to a wealth of hitherto unknown compounds. Of such condensation products undoubtedly the most important are the hydrazones, which result from the interaction with aldehydes and ketones. His observations, published in 1886, that such hydrazones, by treatment with hydrochloric acid or zinc chloride, yielded derivatives of indole, the parent substance of indigo, were a confirmation of the views advanced by von Baeyer on the subject of indigo and the many substances related to it.^[8]

He next turned to the fuchsine (then called "rosaniline") magenta dyes, and in collaboration with his cousin Otto Fischer, he published papers in 1878 and 1879 which established that these dyes were derivatives of triphenylmethane. Emil Fischer's next research was concerned with compounds related to uric acid. Here the ground had been broken by von Baeyer, but Fischer greatly advanced the field of knowledge of the purines. In 1881 and 1882 he published papers which established the formulae of uric acid, xanthine, caffeine (achieving the first synthesis), theobromine and some other compounds of this group. After purine itself was isolated, a variety of derivatives were prepared, some of which were patented in view of possible therapeutical applications.^[8]

Fischer is particularly noted for his work on sugars. Among his early discoveries related to hydrazine was that phenylhydrazine reacted with sugars to form substances which he named osazones, and which, being highly crystalline and readily formed, served to identify such carbohydrates more definitely than had been previously possible.^[8] Later, among other work, he is noted for the organic synthesis of D-(+)-glucose.^[9] He showed how to deduce the formulae of the 16 stereoisomeric glucoses, and prepared several stereoisomerides, helping to confirm the Le Bel–Van 't Hoff rule of the asymmetric carbon atom.^[8]

In the field of enzymology, Fischer is known for his proposal of "the lock and key" model as a mechanism of substrate binding.^[10]

Fischer was also instrumental in the discovery of barbiturates, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. Along with the physician Josef von Mering, he helped to launch the first barbiturate sedative, barbital, in 1904.^[11] He next carried out pioneering work on proteins. By the introduction of new methods, he succeeded in breaking down the complex albumins into amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds, the constitutions of most of which were known, and by bringing about the recombination of these units, he prepared synthetic peptides which approximated to the natural products. His research group synthesised the first free dipeptide (Glycine-Glycine) in 1901.^[12] By 1906 about 65 peptides of different chain length and amino acid composition had been made by his research group. His researches made from 1899 to 1906 were published in 1907 with the title Untersuchungen über Aminosauren, Polypeptides und Proteine.^[13] Three years later the total number of peptides exceeded 100, with the longest being an 18 amino acid peptide containing 15 glycine and three leucine units. The 18 amino acid peptide gave the standard responses to tests for proteins used by physiological chemists - a positive Biuret test, precipitation by inorganic salts and cleavage by proteolytic enzymes^[14]

Personal life and death

Fischer married Agnes Gerlach in 1888. She died seven years later, leaving him a widower with three sons. The younger two died during their military service in World War I, but the oldest, Hermann, became an organic chemist.^[6] Emil Fischer died in Berlin on 15 July 1919 at the age of 66.^[5]

Honours, awards, and legacy

Monument to Emil Fischer in Berlin

In 1897 he put forward the idea to create the International Atomic Weights Commission. Fischer was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1899.^[1] He was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses."^[15] He was elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1904, an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1908, and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1909.^[16][17][18]

Many names of chemical reactions and concepts are named after him:

• Fischer indole synthesis
• Fischer projection
• Fischer oxazole synthesis
• Fischer peptide synthesis
• Fischer phenylhydrazine and oxazone reaction
• Fischer–Speier esterification
• Fischer glycosidation
• Kiliani–Fischer synthesis

The Fischer–Tropsch process is named after Franz Emil Fischer, who headed the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Muelheim, and is unrelated to Fischer.^[19]

References

1. "Fellows of the Royal Society". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015.
2. Horst Kunz (2002). "Emil Fischer – Unequalled Classicist, Master of Organic Chemistry Research, and Inspired Trailblazer of Biological Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 41 (23): 4439–4451. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20021202)41:23<4439::AID-ANIE4439>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 12458504.
3. Lichtenthaler, F. W. (1992). "Emil Fischers Beweis der Konfiguration von Zuckern: eine Würdigung nach hundert Jahren". Angewandte Chemie. 104 (12): 1577–1593. Bibcode:1992AngCh.104.1577L. doi:10.1002/ange.19921041204.
4. Forster, Martin Onslow (1 January 1920). "Emil Fischer memorial lecture". Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions. 117: 1157–1201. doi:10.1039/CT9201701157.
5. "Emil Fischer - Biographical". The Norbel Prize Organization. Retrieved 31 March 2020.
6. Farber, Eduard (1970–1980). "Fischer, Emil Hermann". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9.
7. Emil Fischer – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1902/fischer/biographical/
8.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Fischer, Emil". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 426.
9. Fischer, Emil (1890). "Synthese des Traubenzuckers". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 23: 799–805. doi:10.1002/cber.189002301126.
10. Cramer, F. (March 1995). "Biochemical correctness: Emil Fischer's lock and key hypothesis, a hundred years after — an essay". Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae. 69 (4): 193–203. doi:10.1016/0031-6865(95)00012-X.
11. López-Muñoz, Francisco; Ucha-Udabe, Ronaldo; Alamo, Cecilio (2005). "The history of barbiturates a century after their clinical introduction". Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. 1 (4): 329–43. PMC 2424120. PMID 18568113.
12. Jaradat, Da’san M. M. (1 January 2018). "Thirteen decades of peptide synthesis: key developments in solid phase peptide synthesis and amide bond formation utilized in peptide ligation". Amino Acids. 50 (1): 39–68. doi:10.1007/s00726-017-2516-0. ISSN 1438-2199. PMID 29185032. S2CID 254087824.
13. Fischer, Emil (1906) Untersuchungen über aminosäuern, polypeptide und proteine via Internet Archive
14. Fruton, Joseph S. (1985). "Contrasts in Scientific Style. Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister: Their Research Groups and Their Theory of Protein Structure". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 129 (4): 313–370. ISSN 0003-049X. JSTOR 986934. PMID 11621201.
15. "Emil Fischer - Facts". The Nobel Prize Organization. Retrieved 30 March 2020.>
16. "Emil Fischer". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
17. "Emil Fischer". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
18. "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
19. Pichler, Helmut (1967). "Franz Fischer, 1877–1947". Chemische Berichte (in German). 100 (6): CXXVII–CLVII. doi:10.1002/cber.19671000642.

"From My Life", an English translation of "Aus Meinem Leben", Emil Fischer's autobiography. D. M. and E. J. Behrman, Springer Verlag, 2022.

External links

• Emil Fischer on Nobelprize.org including his Nobel Lecture Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1902 Syntheses in the Purine and Sugar Group
• Eminent Chemists of Our Time By Benjamin Harrow pages 216–239, published 1920 by Von Nostrand Company at books.google.com.
• Aders Plimmer, R. H. (July 1907). "The work of Emil Fischer and his school on the chemistry of the proteins". Science Progress in the Twentieth Century. 2 (5): 88–120.
• Guide to the Emil Fischer Papers at The Bancroft Library
• Text-book of Physiological Chemistry in Thirty Lectures by Emil Abderhalden, translated by William Thomas Hall and George Defren; published 1908 by Wiley Company, has many technical references to Fischer's work in Chemistry.
• American Journal of Diseases of Children 1911 volume 2 by the American Medical Association also refers to Fischer's work.
• An Introduction to the History of Medicine: With Medical Chronology by Fielding Hudson Garrison, page 708 refers to Fischer and Merings discovery of the drugs veronal(1904) and proponal(1905), published 1921 by Saunders Company.
• 1914 Year Book of the American Pharmaceutical Association, page 438 abstracts Fischer and Strauss's work on Phenol-Glucosides – Synthetic Production from Berlin d.D Chem. Germany, page 45(1912) No. 12.
• Texts on Wikisource:
  • "Fischer, Emil". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
  • "Fischer, Emil". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
  • "Fischer, Emil". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.