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Chad holds elections on national level for a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president is elected for a five-year term by the people. The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 155 members, elected for a four-year term in 25 single-member constituencies and 34 multi-member constituencies. Chad is a one party dominant state with the Patriotic Salvation Movement in power, although according to the African Union, elections in Chad are generally free and fair. Human Rights Watch, however, has criticized the election process in Chad, arguing that they have problems such as electoral fraud, multiple voting, underage voting, and low voter turnout.^[1]

History of elections

Former president, Idriss Déby, seized power in 1990 through a rebellion. The second election of Déby was reported by international observers to be fraudulent.^[2] In 1997, parliamentary elections were held, with the MPS party of Déby winning 63 of the 125 seats existing at the time. International observers also claimed that these elections witnessed serious irregularities. In May 2001, Déby won the presidential election in the first round with 63% of the vote, but the election was considered to be fraudulent, and several opposition leaders were arrested after accusing the Chadian government of election fraud.^[3] Because of prominent electoral irregularities in the previous elections in 2001 and 2006, the 2011 presidential election was boycotted by the major opposition parties, which resulted in Déby winning 89% of the vote in the first round.^[4] Most recently, Déby was elected to his fifth term in 2016, after abolishing presidential term limits in 2004 by amending the Constitution of Chad.^[5]^[6] Kodi Mahamat Bam, President of the Independent National Electoral Commission announced the postponement of legislative elections to April 2021. The stated reason was related to COVID-19.^[7] On 20 April 2021 Idriss Déby was killed in battle against a group of rebels called FACT (the Front for Change and Concord in Chad).^[8] His son Mahamat Déby is now president.^[9]

Latest elections

Presidential elections


Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Mahamat Déby	Patriotic Salvation Movement	3,777,279	61.00
	Succès Masra	Les Transformateurs	1,148,245	18.54
	Albert Pahimi Padacké	National Rally for Democracy in Chad	1,048,015	16.93
	Lydie Beassemda	Party for Integral Democracy and Independence [fr]	59,632	0.96
	Théophile Bongoro [fr]	Party for Rally and Equity in Chad	46,784	0.76
	Alladoum Djarma [ha]	Chadian Socialist Action for Renewal	33,765	0.55
	Brice Guedmbaye [ha]	Movement of Patriotic Chadians for the Republic	27,848	0.45
	Yacine Abdramane Sakine [fr]	Reformist Party [fr]	22,328	0.36
	Mansiri Lopsikréo [fr]	Les Élites	15,147	0.24
	Nasra Djimasngar [fr]	A New Day	12,738	0.21
Total			6,191,781	100.00

Valid votes			6,191,781	99.62
Invalid/blank votes			23,463	0.38
Total votes			6,215,244	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			8,202,207	75.78
Source: Africa 24

Parliamentary elections



Party		Seats
	Patriotic Salvation Movement	83
	MPS–RDP	25
	MPS–RNDP	18
	National Union for Democracy and Renewal	10
	MPS–RDP–RNDP	8
	Union for Renewal and Democracy	8
	National Rally for Democracy in Chad	8
	Federation, Action for the Republic	4
	UNDR–PLD	2
	Democratic and Socialist Party for Alternation	2
	Chadian Convention for Peace and Development	2
	Union for Democracy and the Republic	2
	ART–CNDS	1
	MPDT–RDP/R–CNDS	1
	PPJE–ART–CNDS	1
	Chadian Democratic Union	1
	National Action for Development	1
	New Breath for the Republic	1
	Rally of People for Democratic Alternation	1
	Movement of Patriotic Chadians for the Republic	1
	Democratic Party of the Chadian People	1
	Union of Democratic Forces/Republican Party	1
	Union of Chadian Ecologists	1
	PDI [fr]–RPT	1
	African Party for Peace and Social Justice	1
	Party for Unity and Reconstruction	1
	National Alliance for Democracy and Renewal	1
	Union for the National Democratic Upsurge	1
Total		188

Source: EISA