Elbert Glover

Elbert D. Glover (born 1945) is an American researcher and author in the field of tobacco addiction and smoking cessation. He retired as professor emeritus at the University of Maryland at College Park School of Public Health where he served as Chairperson of the Department of Behavioral and Community Health from 2005 to his retirement in 2015.^[1][2] He was an entrepreneur, editor, publisher, co-founder and principal owner of Health Behavior and Policy Review,^[1][2] and co-founder, owner, editor, and publisher of American Journal of Health Behavior^[1][2][3] and Tobacco Regulatory Science.^[1][2][3][4] Glover was the founder^[1][2][5] of the American Academy of Health Behavior and served as its first president from 1997 to 2001.^[1][2][6]

Early life and education

Glover was born at the Kingsville Naval Base in Kingsville, Texas, in 1945, where his father was stationed in the U.S. Navy.^[7] Upon graduation from Roy Miller High School in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1963, he attended Texas Tech University on a football scholarship and graduated in 1969.^[1][2][8] In 1972, he received a master's degree from Texas A&M Kingsville.^[1][2] In 1977, he received a PhD from Texas Woman's University in health education.^[1][2][5][8]

Career

Glover held academic positions including visiting assistant professor at Texas A&M University (1975–1976), assistant professor at the University of Kansas (1976–1978) and Texas Christian University (1978–1982), and associate professor and chair at Oklahoma State University (1982–1983).^[1][2] He later became associate professor at East Carolina University (1985–1988), where he was promoted to professor. Glover then served as professor at Pennsylvania State University (1988–1990) and held a professorship in behavioral medicine and psychiatry at West Virginia University School of Medicine (1990–2005), where he also directed the Tobacco Research Center and various other research initiatives. Following his tenure at West Virginia University, he became professor and chairperson at the University of Maryland School of Public Health (2005–2015), where he founded the Center for Health Behavior Research and retired as professor emeritus in 2015 from the Department of Behavioral and Community Health.^[1][2][8]

Research

Glover's research initially focused on smokeless tobacco;^{[1][2][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]} however, his primary research interest progressed to the development and testing of pharmacological cessation aids for smokers interested in stopping the addiction of tobacco. He conducted clinical trials with the use of all delivery forms of nicotine available on the US and European markets, to include nicotine gum,^[19][20] transdermal patches,^[21][22] oral nicotine inhalers,^[23] nasal spray,^[24] and sublingual tablets.^[25][26] Glover also conducted trials with bupropion (Zyban, a monocyclic antidepressant)^{[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]} and varenicline (Chantix, a nicotine receptor and partial agonist) which resulted in both being approved for use in the US.^{[35][36][37][38]} In addition, he studied the use of lobeline as a nicotine blocker,^[39][40] and various psychoactive substances including anti-depressants and anti-anxiety agents.^[41] He also investigated rimonabant (a cannabinoid receptor inverse agonist), and 3′AmNic-rEPA (a nicotine conjugate vaccine) as smoking cessation aids.^[1][2]

He received research grants from the government U.S. Department of Education, Centers for Disease Control, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Drug Abuse, and National Institutes of Health. Also, received grants from the manufacturers of smoking cessation aids and conducted various pharmaceutical testing for many companies.^{[1][2][13][19][21]}

Professional accomplishments

Glover has authored or co-authored 146 peer-reviewed articles and an additional 63 professional publications from 1976 to 2021 and received approximately $33 million in grant funding.^[1] He has delivered over 550 invited medical grand rounds/workshops on the subject to physicians and presented 335 national and international professional presentations to various medical and health professional organizations.^[1][2][3][4]

Glover was owner, publisher and editor of the American Journal of Health Behavior, Health Behavior and Policy Review and Tobacco Regulatory Science.^[1][2][3][4] In 2020, he sold his major portion of Health Behavior and Policy Review and in 2021 sold the American Journal of Health Behavior and Tobacco Regulatory Science. He was the founder (1997) and first president (1997–2001), of the American Academy of Health Behavior where he was named Fellow (1998), Research Laureate (2008) and awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (2000) by the academy.^[1] He was selected as fellow of the American School Health Association & the Royal Institute of Public Health. He was elected Fellow (1991) and received the Distinguished Scholar Award from the American Association of Health Education (2003).^[42] Moreover, he received the AAHPERD Alliance Scholar Award being only the 4th health educator in its history to receive this award (2005).^[43]

Public work

Glover's work appeared or featured on many television programs, including Dateline, 20/20, The Charlie Rose Show, Good Morning America, PM Magazine, Health Talk America, MD-TV, CBS Morning News, Peter Jennings News World Report, and NBC Evening News. His research has also been featured in numerous popular publications such as Ladies Home Journal, Newsweek, Reader's Digest, Seventeen, Time, and USA Today.^[1][2]

He served in various capacities primarily as reviewer and ad hoc reviewer for 20 key health academic journals and/or publications among these are the American Journal of Public Health, Addictive Behaviors, NCI Journal, Journal Clinical Advances in Smoking Cessation, Physician and Sports medicine, Medical Self-Care, Public Health Reports, American Journal of Health Education, Journal of School Health, Journal of Family Practice, Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, Advances in Dental Research, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Southern Medical Journal, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Drug Discovery Today, and the Journal of the American Medical Association.^[1][2]

Criticism and controversy

The May–June 2021 edition of the American Journal of Health Behavior, "Special Issue on JUUL" generated controversy and negative feedback from some in the research and health communities when it was revealed that the entire issue and related research were funded by JUUL. The funding included additional fees stipulated to make the issue freely available to the public referred to as open access.^[44] AJHB typically charges up to $180 yearly for access to their content by individuals and $375 by institutions.^[45]

To avoid bias reviews, Glover solicited peer reviews of the studies being considered for the issue without disclosing that the studies were funded by JUUL. JUUL employees have indicated that all of the content for the issue was overseen by Glover.^[46] As journal policy dictated, articles submitted to peers for review by Glover had the name of the sponsor redacted. When a tobacco regulatory scientist that reviewed and critiqued two studies for the journal questioned Glover about what she described as "fishy" aspects of the studies, Glover responded to the peer review group "It has been brought to my attention that some reviewers were unaware that the special issue on e-cigarettes is being funded by JUUL. My apologies for not alerting everyone. ... I honestly did not believe it to be a concern as the comprehensive reviews always purge weak or biased manuscripts. Funders are never revealed till after the review process and publication has been completed." This obfuscation was called "a horrible ethical breach" by Brian Jenssen, a pediatrician who specializes in tobacco policy research at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Glover's solicitation e-mail seeking reviews was also described as "unusual" in that it offered reviewers a cash payment if reviews were submitted within one week. Despite being listed online, a reviewer also noted that AJHB's practice of charging article authors "hefty fees" for their publication, which is atypical for academic journals, was not made clear.^[47] Dr. Robert Taylor, an ethical investigator noted the fees with the number of articles published would easily fall well in the bottom of the fees charged for a special issue with open access.

After publication of the issue, three members of AJHB's editorial board resigned in protest. Glover stated that the journal followed its standard protocol for vetting before publication. Due to a cancer diagnosis, he retired soon after the issue was released.^[44]

References

1. "Elbert D. Glover". University of Maryland | School of Public Health. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
2. Rowe, Steven. "Philosophy, Objectives and Scope of the Journal". Health Behavior and Policy Review. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
3. "Philosophy of the Journal". American Journal of Health Behavior. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
4. "Tobacco Regulatory Science (TRS)". Tobacco Regulatory Science. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
5. "AAHB Founders". American Academy of Health Behavior. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
6. "Past Presidents". American Academy of Health Behavior. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
7. Sapere Aude — Dare to Be Wise: Elbert D. Glover. New Prairie Press
8. "Elbert D. Glover". University of Maryland | School of Public Health. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
9. Brown V. (December 4, 1985). "Lawsuit Says Snuff Killed Teen-Ager". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
10. Blumenfeld L. (April 2, 1992). "Focus". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
11. Boul D. (August 23, 1987). "What's New in Tobacco; His and Hers Chewing and Dipping". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
12. Christen AG, Glover ED. "Smokeless tobacco: Seduction of youth". World Smoking & Health, 1981; 6 (2):20-24.
13. Schaefer SD, Henderson AH, Glover ED, Christen AG. "Patterns of use & incidence of smokeless tobacco consumption in school-age children". Archives of Otolaryngology, 1985;111(10):639–642.
14. Edmundson EW, Glover ED, Alston PP, Holbert D. "Personality traits of smokeless tobacco users &nonusers: A comparison". The International Journal of the Addictions, 1987;22(7):671–683.
15. Glover ED, Edmundson EW, Holbert D, Alston PP, Schroeder KL. "Prevalence & patterns of smokeless tobacco use in a Southeastern University". Journal of Drug Education, 1987;7(3):201 211. (PMID: 3681594)
16. Glover ED, Schroeder KL, Henningfield JE, Severson HH, Christen AG. "An interpretative review of smokeless tobacco research in the United States: Part I". Journal of Drug Education, 1988;18(4):305–330.
17. Glover ED, Schroeder KL, Henningfield JE, Severson HH, Christen AG. "An interpretative review of smokeless tobacco research in the United States: Part II". Journal of Drug Education, 1989;19(1):1–19.
18. Glover ED, Laflin M, Edwards SW. "Age of initiation & switching patterns between smokeless tobacco & cigarettes among college students in the US". American Journal of Public Health, 1989;79(2):207–208.
19. Glover ED, Sachs DPL, Stitzer ML, Rennard SI, Wadland WC, Pomerleau OF, Nowak RT, Daughton DM, Glover PN, Hughes JR, Gross J. "Smoking cessation in highly dependent smokers with 4mg nicotine polacrilex". American Journal of Health Behavior, 1996;20(5):319-332.
20. Niaura R, Sayette M, Shiffman S, Glover ED, Nides M, Shelanski M, Shadel W, Koslo R, Robbins B, Sorrentino J. "Comparative efficacy of rapid-release nicotine gum vs nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue-provoked craving". Addiction, 2005;100(11):1720–1730.
21. Glover ED. "Transdermal nicotine patch for smoking cessation". New England Journal of Medicine, 1992;January 30, 326(5):344. PMID 1728741
22. Daughton D, Fortmann S, Glover ED, Hatsukami D, Heatley S, Lichtenstein E, Repsher L, MillatmalT, Killen J, Nowak R, Ullrich F, Rennard S. "The smoking cessation efficacy of varying doses of nicotine patch delivery systems four years to five years post quit day". Preventive Medicine, 1999; 28:113–119.
23. Rennard SI, Glover ED, Leischow S, Daughton D, Glover PN, Muramoto M, Franzon F, Danielsson T, Landfeldt B, Westin A. "Efficacy of nicotine inhaler in smoking reduction: a double-blind, randomized trial". Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2006;8(4):555-564.
24. Glover ED, Glover PN, Abrons HL, Franzon M. "An exploratory study in smoking cessation among COPD patients using nicotine nasal spray". American Journal of Health Behavior, 997;21(4):310-317.
25. Glover ED, PN Glover, Franzon M, Sullivan CR, Howell GM, Keyes G. "A Nicotine Sublingual Tablet for Smoking Cessation: 6-Month Data". 10th World Conference on Tobacco or Health, Abstract Book, 1997;Aug 24-27, Beijing, China, 138.
26. Glover ED, Glover PN, Franzon M, Sullivan CR, Cerullo CL, Howell RM, Keyes GG, Nilsson F, Hobbs GR. "A comparison of a nicotine sublingual tablet & placebo for smoking cessation". Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 20024:441-450.
27. Hurt RD, Sachs DPL, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston JA, Dale LC, Khayrallah MA, Schroeder DR, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Croghan IT, Sullivan PM. "A comparison of sustained-release bupropion & placebo for smoking cessation". New England Journal of Medicine, 1997;337:1195–1202.
28. Hayford KE, Patten CA, Rummans TA, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Croghan IT, Glover ED, Sachs DPL, Hurt RD. "Effectiveness of bupropion for smoking cessation in subjects with a history of major depression or alcoholism". British Journal of Psychiatry, 1999;174:173-178.
29. Glover ED, Tucker VL, Winter PDOB. "Efficacy and tolerability of bupropion sustained-release for smoking cessation: a review of pivotal studies". The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2000;3:Supplement 1;S326.
30. Dale LC, Glover ED, Sachs DPL, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Croghan IT, Hurt RD. "Bupropion for smoking cessation—predictors of successful outcome". Chest, 2001;119:1357–1364.
31. Johnston JA, Fiedler-Kelly J, Glover ED, Sachs DPL, Grasela T, DeVeaugh-Geiss J. "Relationship between drug exposure and the efficacy and safety of bupropion sustained release for smoking cessation". Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2001;3(2):131-140.
32. Glover ED, Tucker VL, Winter PD. "Efficacy and tolerability of bupropion SR for smoking cessation". World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2001;2(1)270S.
33. Glover ED, Glover PN, Sullivan CR, Cerullo C, Hobbs GR. "A comparison of sustained-release bupropion & placebo for smokeless tobacco cessation". American Journal of Health Behavior, 2002;26;(5):386–393.
34. Dale LC, Ebbert JO, Glover ED, Croghan IT, Schroeder DR, Severson HH, Hurt RD. "Bupropion SR for the treatment of smokeless tobacco use". Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2007;90(1):56–63.
35. Glover ED, Rath JM. "Varenicline: progress in the treatment of smoking cessation treatment". Expert Opinion Pharmacotherapy, 2007;8(11):1757-1767.
36. Nides M, Glover ED, Reus V, Christen AG, Make BJ. "Varenicline versus bupropion or placebo for smoking cessation". American Journal of Health Behavior, 2008;32(6):664-675.
37. Cooke CE, Glover ED, Xing S, Lee HY. "Failure to obtain Varenicline in members with pharmacy benefits". The American Journal of Pharmacy Benefits, 2011;May/June 3(3):e36–e40
38. Glover ED, Rath JM. "Varenicline: progress in smoking cessation treatment". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2007;8(11):1757–1767. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1757. ISSN 1465-6566. PMID 17685891.
39. Glover ED, Leischow SJ, Rennard SI, Glover PN, Daughton D, Quiring JN, Schneider FH, Mione PJ. "Lobeline sulfate for smoking cessation: a pilot study". American Journal of Health Behavior, 1998;22(1):62–74.
40. Glover ED, Rath J, Sharma E, Glover PN, Laflin MT, Tønnesen P, Repsher L, Quiring J. "A multi-center, phase-3 trial of lobeline sulfate for smoking cessation". American Journal of Health Behavior, 2010;34(1):101–109. doi:10.5993/AJHB.34.1.12
41. Glover ED, Laflin MT, Schuh KJ, Schuh L, Nides M, Christen AG, Glover PN, Strnad JV. "A randomized, controlled trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a transdermal delivery system of nicotine/mecamylamine in cigarette smokers". Addiction, 2007;102:795–802.
42. Glover ED.  "A new health education paradigm: uncommon thoughts about common matters".  AAHE scholar address. American Journal of Health Education, 2004;35(5):260–271.
43. Glover ED. "Successfully treating nicotine dependence": AAHPERD scholar address. American Journal of Health Education, 2006;37(1):6–14.
44. Kaplan, Sheila (July 5, 2021). "Juul Is Fighting to Keep Its E-Cigarettes on the U.S. Market". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
45. "Individual Subscription & Renewal". American Journal of Health Behavior. Retrieved July 10, 2021.
46. Dayen, David (July 7, 2021). "Juul: Taking Academic Corruption to a New Level". The American Prospect. Retrieved August 2, 2021.
47. McCullough, Marie (July 10, 2021). "In a fight for survival, Juul funds pro-vaping studies, then pays a scholarly journal to showcase them". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved July 10, 2021.

Further reading

• Black, R., and Laflin, M. (2003). "Viewpoint: Conversation with Elbert D. Glover", PhD, FASHA, FRIPH, FAAHB. American Journal of Health Behavior, 27(6)
• "Elbert D. Glover ... Smokeless tobacco researcher" Archived July 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Pieces of Eight, May 1, 1987.
• Nuzzo, R. (2006). "For smokers: A shot at quitting". Los Angeles Times.
• "Quitters get a shot in the arm" Daily Record (Baltimore, Maryland), July 2006.
• Glover ED. "Keeping the dream alive: the back story". Health Behavior Research. 2021;4(2):11th article. doi:10.4148/2572-1836.1116
• "Nicotine addiction: up in smoke" TERP, Vol 4, no.2, Winter 2007.

External links

• Faculty webpage at University of Maryland School of Public Health
• Professional C.V.
• American Journal of Health Behavior
• Health Behavior and Policy Review
• Tobacco Regulatory Science