Education in Ohio

Education in Ohio is provided by both public and private schools, colleges, and universities. Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

History

Further information: List of colleges and universities in Ohio
William Oxley Thompson Memorial Library on the campus of the Ohio State University, an anchor of the University System of Ohio, the nation's largest comprehensive public system of higher education

Education has been an integral part of Ohio culture since its early days of statehood. In the beginning, mothers usually educated their children at home or paid for their children to attend smaller schools in villages and towns.[1] Early on, the US was interested in creating a national public schooling system, but the irony came to be that, in Ohio, the various religious groups who had settled here refused to allow one another any say in what their own children would be taught, causing the issue to be constantly put on hold. In 1821 the state passed a tax to finance local schools.[2] In 1822, Caleb Atwater lobbied the legislature and Governor Allen Trimble to establish a commission to study the possibility of initiating public, common schools. Atwater modeled his plan after the New York City public school system. After public opinion in 1824 forced the state to find a resolution to the education problem, the legislature established the common school system in 1825 and financed it with a half-million property levy.[1]

They ultimately chose to relax state authority over school curriculum and gave Ohio schools regional authority over the matter. It would remain as such until the 20th century, but has caused a fairly erratic, confusing and sometimes lacking schooling experience in some subjects, even if generally adequate to get by.

School districts formed, and by 1838 the first direct tax was levied allowing access to school for all.[2] The first appropriation for the common schools came in 1838, a sum of $200,000. The average salary for male teachers in some districts during this early period was $25/month and $12.50/month for females.[3] By 1915, the appropriations for the common schools totaled over $28 million.[2] The first middle school in the nation, Indianola Junior High School (now the Graham Expeditionary Middle School), opened in Columbus in 1909. McGuffey Readers was a leading textbook originating from the state and found throughout the nation.

The first dental school in the United States was founded in the early 19th century in Bainbridge. The Ohio School for the Blind became the first of its kind in the country, located in Columbus.

After 2000, Ohio State government began experimentally exerting more control over schools, as they attempted to help the state's education system evolve with the times. As of 2020, it largely seems to have done just as much harm as good and re-exposed a lot of the issues inherent in how Ohio schooling was originally organized, which they are now desperately trying to solve.[4][5]

Higher education

Main article: List of colleges and universities in Ohio
University Hall at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio's largest university by enrollment[6]

In the 19th century Ohio was energetic in the creation of new institutions of higher education. It soon had more than England.[7] In the 21st century Ohio institutions consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; Denison University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes Case Western Reserve University, Ohio State University and Miami University.[8]

Organizing the University System of Ohio

The University System of Ohio is the nation's largest comprehensive public system of higher education. The University System of Ohio was unified under Governor Ted Strickland in 2007.[9] In 2008, Chancellor Eric Fingerhut proposed creating common academic calendars for all of the system's universities: the goal was to simplify transfer between institutions and allow students to be recruited at the same time for jobs and internships.[10] After spending more than $26 million starting in 2008, the transition was completed by the 2012 academic year.[11]

Institutions

Bosworth Hall at Oberlin College in northeast Ohio, the first college in the U.S. to admit women[12]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Public Education – Ohio History Central". www.OhioHistoryCentral.org. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c State, Ohio Auditor of (August 17, 2017). "Annual Report". pp. 29–30. Retrieved August 17, 2017 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ New Englanders on the Ohio Frontier: Migration and Settlement of Worthington, p. 250
  4. ^ "Ohio high court: Law on school 'takeovers' is constitutional". Associated Press. May 13, 2020.
  5. ^ "Legislature of Ohio". Archived from the original on 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
  6. ^ As of fall 2021. "Preliminary Headcount, Fall Term 2021". Ohio Department of Higher Education. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
  7. ^ Frederick Rudolph, The American college and university: A history (1962) pp 47-48.
  8. ^ "2019 Best Colleges in Ohio | US News Rankings". Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  9. ^ Niquette, Mark (2007-08-03). "Governor unifies higher ed". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
  10. ^ "Colleges spend millions to switch to semesters". Dayton Daily News. March 30, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
  11. ^ "17 Ohio schools switching to semesters". The Blade (Toledo, Ohio). April 2, 2012. Retrieved 2019-04-30.
  12. ^ Faustine Childress Jones-Wilson; Charles A. Asbury; D. Kamili Anderson; Sylvia M. Jacobs; Margo Okazawa-Rey (1996). Encyclopedia of African-American Education. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-0-313-28931-6. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2018.

Further reading

  • Ackers, William J. Cleveland Schools in the Nineteenth Century (1901).


  • Bradford, J. E. ed. Education in the Ohio Valley Prior to 1840 (Columbus, 1916),
  • Ellsworth, Clayton S. "The Coming of Rural Consolidated Schools to the Ohio Valley, 1892-1912." Agricultural History 30.3 (1956): 119-128. online
  • GAROFALO, MARIUS PETER.  "THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION IN OHIO. (VOLUMES I AND II)" (PhD dissertation. The Ohio State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1958. 5900376).
  • Hackensmith, Charles William. "Higher Education in the Ohio Valley in the Nineteenth Century" (ERIC, 1973) online
  • Hansen, Allen Oscar. Early Educational Leadership in the Ohio Valley (1932).
  • Knight, George W. and John Rogers Commons. The history of higher education in Ohio (1891) online; covers each school, including the defunct ones
  • McCormick, Virginia E. Educational Architecture in Ohio: From One-Room Schools and Carnegie Libraries to Community Education Villages (2001)
  • Matthews, Samuel. “The Black Educational Experience in Nineteenth-Century Cincinnati, 1817–1874” (Ed.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 1985)
  • Miller, Edward. History of Educational Legislation in Ohio from 1803 to 1850 (1920)
  • Neem, Johann N. "Path dependence and the emergence of common schools: Ohio to 1853." Journal of Policy History 28.1 (2016): 48-80.
  • Schweikert, Roman J. “The Western Literary Institute and College of Professional Teachers: An Instrument in the Creation of a Profession” (Ed.D. dissertation, Teachers College, University of Cincinnati; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1971. 7204313).
  • Shoemaker, F. L. "Samuel Galloway: An Educational Statesman of First Rank." History of Education Journal (1954): 105-117. He was Ohio's 'ex officio' State Superintendent of Common Schools from 1845 to 1850. online
  • Theobald, Paul. Call School: Rural Education in the Midwest to 1918 (1995);
  • White, E. E. ,and T. W. Harvey, eds. A History of Education in the State of Ohio: A Centennial Volume (Columbus, 1876) online