A drug lord, drug baron, kingpin, or lord of drugs is a type of crime boss in charge of a drug trafficking network, organization, or enterprise.
Such lords are often difficult to bring to justice, as they are normally not directly in possession of something illegal but are insulated from the actual trade in drugs by several layers of staff. The prosecution of drug lords is therefore usually the result of carefully planned infiltration into their networks, often using informants from within the organizations.
When a group of independent drug lords collude with each other, in order to improve their profits and dominate the illegal drug trade, they form an organization called a drug cartel.
Organizational role
Since the 1970s, research on organized crime leadership (and, by extension, drug lords) has evolved. Where once studies emphasised the importance of the leader's human capital (e.g. individual traits), it has now developed to focus upon the leader's social capital (e.g. information and resource brokers, social status, access to information).[1]
List of well-known drug lords
This section may be too long and excessively detailed. Please consider summarizing the material.(September 2020)
Known as "El Padrino" (The Godfather) and "El Jefe de Jefes" (The boss of Bosses) was born in 1946, and is the founder and former leader of the Guadalajara Cartel, the first Mexican Cartel ever established. He had strong ties with the Cali Cartel and Escobar's Medellin Cartel as he distributed drugs for them. He controlled almost all of the drug trafficking in Mexico and the corridors along the Mexico–United States border in 1970s and the 80s. Until the end of the 1980s, Guadalajara Cartel headed by Félix Gallardo was one of the most powerful cartels in the world. He had a huge political involvement and bribed political authorities to protect himself and his business. After his capture in 1989 for the alleged murder of DEA agent Enrique Camarena, Félix and allegedly the Mexican Government decided to divide up the trade he controlled as it would be more efficient and less likely to be brought down by law enforcement.
Félix Gallardo instructed his lawyer to convene the nation's top drug narcos in 1989 at a house in the resort of Acapulco where he designated the plazas (turfs) or territories. The Tijuana route would go to his nephews, the Arellano Felix brothers. The Ciudad Juárez route would go to the Carrillo Fuentes family and to Rafael Aguilar Guajardo. Miguel Caro Quintero would run the Sonora corridor. Joaquín Guzmán Loera and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar were left the Pacific coast operations, with Ismael Zambada García joining them soon after and thus becoming the Sinaloa Cartel, who was not yet a party to the 1989 pact. Félix Gallardo still planned to oversee national operations and remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred in the 1990s to the Altiplano maximum security prison and lost all remaining contacts with other drug lords. On 18 December 2014, federal authorities approved his request to transfer to a medium-security prison in Guadalajara (State of Jalisco), due to his declining health. He still strongly denies any involvement in the murder of Enrique Camarena. He was particularly known for using less violence and many even attribute the current bloodshed due to the turf war between rival cartels to the fall of Félix
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug overlord. Often referred to as the "World's Greatest Outlaw", Escobar was perhaps the most elusive cocaine trafficker to have ever existed. He is considered the 'King of Cocaine' and is known as the lord of all drug lords.[2] In 1989, Forbes magazine declared Escobar as the seventh-richest man in the world, with an estimated personal fortune of US$30 billion.[3] In 1986, he attempted to enter Colombian politics. It is said that Pablo Escobar once burnt two million dollars in cash to keep his daughter warm while on the run.[4] Escobar was the boss of the famous Medellín Cartel, the most powerful drug empire to exist and is said to have had over twice the power and money of their rivals, the Cali Cartel. Pablo was known as PaisaRobin Hood, for his contributions to the poor, but was also known for murdering anyone who got in his way. His carrot-and-stick strategy of bribing public officials in the Colombian government, and sending hitmen to murder the ones who rejected his bribes, came to be known as "silver or lead" or "money or bullets". When the Colombian government launched a manhunt for Escobar, it needed assistance from the DEA, the CIA, the Cali Cartel, and Los Pepes. On December 2, Search Bloc killed Escobar on a rooftop.
As a top drug lord in Mexico, Amado Carrillo (1956–1997) was transporting four times more cocaine to the U.S. than any other trafficker, building a fortune of over $25 billion.[5]
He was called El Señor de Los Cielos ("The Lord of the Skies") for his use of over 22 private 727 jet airliners to transport Colombian cocaine to municipal airports and dirt airstrips around Mexico, including Juárez.[citation needed] He was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and worked for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. After Félix was arrested, Amado formed the Juarez Cartel. In the months before his death, the DEA described Carrillo as the most-powerful drug trafficker of his era, and many analysts claimed profits neared $25 billion.
Guzman is the most notorious drug lord of all time, according to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).[6] In the 1980s, he was a member of the Guadalajara Cartel and used to work for Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. After Félix's arrest in 1989, Guzmán formed the Sinaloa Cartel along with Ismael Zambada García and Héctor Luis Palma Salazar. He is well known for his use of sophisticated tunnels—similar to the one located in Douglas, Arizona—to smuggle cocaine from Mexico into the United States in the early 1990s. In 1993, a 7.3-ton shipment of his cocaine, concealed in cans of chili peppers and destined for the United States, was seized in Tecate, Baja California. That same year he barely escaped an ambush by the Tijuana Cartel led by Ramon Arellano Felix and his gunmen. After being captured in Guatemala, he was jailed in 1993 and in 1995 he was moved to the maximum-security prison called Puente Grande, but paid his way out of prison and hid in a laundry van as it drove through the gates. On 22 February 2014, Guzmán was arrested again.
He is considered a folk hero in the narcotics world, celebrated by musicians who write and perform narcocorridos (drug ballads) extolling his exploits.[7] For example, Los Traviezos recorded a ballad extolling his life on the run.[8] In July 2015, Guzman escaped a second time from a maximum-security prison through a hole in a shower floor that led to a mile-long tunnel, ending at a nearby house.[9] A large-scale manhunt ensued. On 8 January 2016, Guzmán was captured by the Mexican Marines.[10]
Osiel Cárdenas Guillén (born 18 May 1967) is a former Mexican drug lord who was the leader of the Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas. Originally a mechanic in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Guillén eventually became involved in the illegal drug trade the Gulf Cartel before becoming its leader in 1997 by assassinating drug lord Salvador Gómez Herrera. Guillén recruited over 30 deserters from the Mexican Army's special forces unit, the Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales, to form the cartel's armed wing; this group would go on to be among the founding members of Los Zetas, another Mexican drug cartel. In 1999, Guillén and a group of Gulf Cartel gunmen threatened two U.S. federal agents at gunpoint, which triggered a massive combined effort from American and Mexican law enforcement agencies to crack down on the leadership structure of the Gulf Cartel and led to Guillén becoming one of the most wanted criminals in the world. Guillén was arrested in Mexico in 2003 and deported to the U.S. in 2007, where he remains incarcerated to this day.[11][12]
Jorge Alberto Rodriguez
Jorge Alberto Rodriguez, also known as Don Cholito, is a notorious Argentine-born, Puerto Rican and Colombian mixed drug lord from New York, who headed the 400 criminal organization, a dismantled secret cell of the Cali Cartel. Pulled into the drug trade at age 12, he left home at age 14 to begin working for his Father, Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela, who headed the Cali Cartel. Within six years he had amassed a fortune exceeding over US$300 million by shipping drugs from Colombia to nearly every state in the U.S. He was one of the most ruthless international drug lords unknown to law enforcement or governments. During that time, the murder rate and cocaine-related hospital emergencies in the United States doubled. He was arrested on July 6, 1990, in Tallahassee, Florida and sentenced to a 25-year prison term for a number of federal violations. Following his conviction, Rodriguez continued to operate his illicit business from behind bars, importing as much as 12,500 kilograms of cocaine into the U.S. each month and ordering numerous murders of informants, witnesses, in the U.S. and Colombia. He reigned and flourished while incarcerated until he was placed in court-ordered high-security isolation in 1994. According to the Bureau of Prisons, Rodriguez was released in 2012.[13][14][15]
Griselda Blanco (1943–2012), known as the "Godmother of Cocaine", was a drug lady who operated between Miami and Colombia during the 1970s and 1980s. During the height of her operation, she smuggled nearly 1,600 kilograms (3,500 lb) of cocaine into the U.S. every month through a network in south Florida.[18] She was noted for her ruthlessness and use of extreme violence, employing tactics such as publicly assassinating people in broad daylight, bayoneting a rival trafficker inside Miami International Airport, and inventing the drive-by motorcycle shooting execution method.[19][20] It was estimated that she was responsible for the homicides of 200 people in Colombia, Florida, New York, and California.[19] Arrested in 1985 for drug-trafficking charges, she was subsequently convicted and spent almost 20 years in a U.S. prison.[21] She was killed by motorcycle hitmen in Colombia on 3 September 2012 as she was coming out of a butcher's shop.[22]
Pablo Escobar started to buy cocaine from Roberto Suárez in the 1970s when he had just created the Medellín cartel.[citation needed] Suárez started building cocaine laboratories in the middle of the Bolivian Amazon jungle and in the zone of "Los Yungas" in the end of the 1960s and created the first cocaine cartel in Bolivia called "La Corporación".[citation needed] At first, the Medellin cartel bought cocaine at $8,000 per kilogram ($3,600/lb). La Corporación then sold cocaine-based paste to Colombian cartels, and they finished and distributed it in the east of the United States.[citation needed] The finished cocaine was sold directly to Mexican cartels for distribution in the west of the United States. Suárez received untold amounts of money, but as detectives and journalists discovered the corruption between Bolivia and the U.S., the empire Suárez built began to fall.[citation needed] Suárez was arrested by the DEA in 1988, and Escobar took over of the production and distribution of 80% of the world's cocaine.[citation needed]
Rick Ross (born January 28, 1960),[23] a.k.a. "Freeway" Ricky Ross, is a convicted drug-trafficker best known for the drug empire he presided over in Los Angeles in the early 1980s.[24] The nickname "Freeway" came from Ross growing up next to the 110 Harbor Freeway.[25] During the height of his drug dealing, Ross was said to have made "$2 million in one day." According to the Oakland Tribune, "In the course of his rise, prosecutors estimate that Ross transported several tons of cocaine to New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and elsewhere, and made more than $600 million in the process."[26]
In 1998, Ross was sentenced to life imprisonment after being convicted of purchasing more than 100 kilograms of cocaine from a federal agent during a sting operation. Ross became the subject of controversy later that year when a series of articles by journalist Gary Webb in the San Jose Mercury News revealed a connection between Ross's main cocaine source, Danilo Blandon, and the CIA as part of the Iran–Contra affair.[27] Ross's case went before the federalcourt of appeals and his sentence was reduced to 20 years. He was later moved to a halfway house in March 2009 and released from custody on September 29, 2009.[23]
For more than a decade, Panamanian Manuel Noriega was a highly paid CIA asset and collaborator, despite knowledge by U.S. drug authorities as early as 1971 that the general was heavily involved in drug trafficking and money laundering.[citation needed] Noriega facilitated "guns-for-drugs" flights for the NicaraguanContras, whom the U.S. were heavily supporting: providing protection and pilots, safe havens for drug cartel officials, and discreet banking facilities.[29] He was arrested in 1990.
Ramón Arellano Félix was a Mexican drug lord who was a founding member of the Tijuana drug cartel (a.k.a. the Arellano-Félix Organization) alongside his brothers.[30] Arellano Félix was allegedly one of the most ruthless enforcers in the organization and was a suspect in various murders. He had been linked by Mexican police to the 1997 massacre of twelve members of a family outside of Ensenada, Baja California. The family was related to a drug dealer that had an unpaid debt to the Arellano Félix Cartel.[citation needed] On September 18, 1997, Arellano Félix was placed on the FBI's ten most-wanted list.[31] In a sealed indictment in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, he was charged with conspiracy to import cocaine and marijuana.[citation needed]. Ramon and his brothers, primarily Benjamin Arellano Felix were the undisputed leaders of the Tijuana Cartel and developed an intense rivalry with Joaquin Guzman Loera's Sinaloa Cartel. The war between both organizations lasted more than 10 years until Ramón was killed in Mazatlán on February 10, 2002, by policemen allegedly on the payroll of the rival, Sinaloa Cártel.
Ismael Zambada García is a drug smuggler in Mexico and co-founder of the Sinaloa Cartel.[32] Mexico's top anti-drug prosecutor, José Santiago Vasconcelos, called Zambada "drug dealer No. 1" and said the fugitive has become more powerful as his fellow kingpins have fallen, including one who was allegedly killed on Zambada's orders.[citation needed]
Klaas Bruinsma (1953–1991) was a major Dutch drug lord, shot to death by mafia member and former police officer Martin Hoogland.[citation needed] Bruinsma was known as "De Lange" ("the tall one") and as "De Dominee" ("the preacher") because of his black clothing and his habit of lecturing others.[citation needed]
Marcos Arturo Beltrán Leyva (September 27, 1961 – December 16, 2009) was the leader of the Mexican drug-trafficking organization known as the Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, which is headed by the Beltrán Leyva brothers: Marcos Arturo, Carlos, Alfredo and Héctor.[33] The cartel was engaged in cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and methamphetamine production, transportation, and wholesaling. It controlled numerous drug-trafficking corridors into the United States. and was also responsible for human smuggling, money laundering, extortion, kidnapping, murder, contract killing, torture, gun-running, and other acts of violence in Mexico.[34] The organization was connected with the assassinations of numerous Mexican law-enforcement officials.[34]
Frank Lucas was a former heroin dealer and organized crime boss who operated in Harlem, New York during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was known for cutting out middlemen in the drug trade and buying heroin directly from his source in the Golden Triangle. Lucas boasted that he smuggled heroin using the coffins of dead American servicemen,[35][36] but this claim is denied by his South Asian associate, Leslie "Ike" Atkinson.[37] His career was dramatized in the 2007 feature film American Gangster starring Denzel Washington.
Leroy Antonio "Nicky" Barnes (born October 15, 1933) was a former drug lord and crime boss of the notorious African-American crime organization known as The Council, which controlled the heroin trade in Harlem, New York during the 1970s.[38] In 2007 he released a book, Mr Untouchable, written with Tom Folsom, and a documentary DVD of the same name, about his life.[39][40] In the 2007 film American Gangster, Barnes is portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr.
Zhenli Ye Gon (traditional Chinese: 葉真理;[41] born January 31, 1963, Shanghai, People's Republic of China) is a Mexican businessman of Chinese origin accused of trafficking pseudoephedrine into Mexico from Asia. At the time of his arrest, he had $207 million in cash and 18 million Mexican pesos in his house. He claimed that he was forced by Javier Lozano Alarcón, putatively identified as the Secretary of Labor, to keep it at his home and that this money would be used during Felipe Calderón's presidential campaign in 2006. He is the legal representative of Unimed Pharm Chem México. The charges against him were dismissed with prejudice in August 2009[42] as a result of the efforts of his attorneys, Manuel J. Retureta[43] and A. Eduardo Balarezo.[44]
Michael Christopher Coke (born 13 March 1969),[45] a.k.a. Dudus,[46] is a Jamaican drug lord and the leader of the Shower Possegang. He is the youngest son of drug lord Lester Lloyd Coke whose extradition had also, prior to his 1992 death in a Jamaican prison cell, been requested by the U.S.[46] Until the younger Coke's handover to U.S. forces on 24 June 2010,[citation needed] "Dudus" served as the de facto leader of Tivoli Gardens in the city of Kingston;[46] prior to his 2010 capture Jamaican police were unable to enter this neighborhood without community consent.[46]
The son of a prominent drug lord, Coke grew up wealthy, going to school with children of the country's political elite.[citation needed] Ruling the gang where his father left off, he became a leader in the community of Tivoli Gardens, distributing money to the area's poor, creating employment, and setting up community centers.[47]
In 2009, the U.S. began requesting his extradition, and in May 2010, a recalcitrant Government of Jamaica issued a warrant.[46] That same month the government took steps to capture Coke. In a run-up to Coke's arrest, more than 70 people–all but one of them civilians–died in a 24 May 2010 raid of Tivoli Gardens.[46] He was arrested at a Jamaican checkpoint on 22 June 2010.[46]
Demetrius Flenory is known as one of the co-founders of the Black Mafia Family, a Detroit-based drug-trafficking organization involving the large-scale distribution of cocaine throughout the U.S. from 1990 to 2005.[48] There are currently plans to produce a film based upon his career.[49][50]
Jose Figueroa Agosto (born June 28, 1964), also known as "José David Figueroa Agosto", "Junior Capsula" and "the Don Pablo Escobar of the Caribbean", is a Puerto Rican drug trafficker.[51] As the head of a major drug trafficking organization that made 90% of cocaine in Puerto Rico, Figueroa Agosto is considered to be one of the most dangerous drug lords of Puerto Rico.[52] He was the most wanted fugitive in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.[53]
Juan Raul Garza (November 18, 1956 – June 19, 2001) ran his own marijuana trafficking ring in Texas, Louisiana, Michigan, and Mexico, exporting thousands of kilograms of marijuana across the border into the United States. He is known as the first and currently the only drug lord to be executed by the United States federal government under the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988. He was executed for three murders he committed in Texas, but was also found to be responsible for five other murders, four of which were committed in Mexico.[63][64]
Liu Zhaohua (March 5, 1965 – September 15, 2009) was a Chinese Drug Lord known for producing and trafficking over 18 tonnes of Methamphetamine.[65] The amount Liu made was worth more than US$5 billion.[65] He was arrested on March 5, 2005, sentenced to death on June 26, 2006, and executed on September 15, 2009.[65]
Shaheed "Roger" Khan (born 13 January 1972) is a Guyanese drug lord who is known for his money-laundering activities as well as his distribution and importation of substantial amounts of cocaine into the US from South America. He was also allegedly the leader of the infamous "Phantom Squad," a death squad that was active in Guyana between 2002 and 2006. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison.
Modern drug lords
Following the death of Pablo Escobar in 1993, significant changes occurred in the structure of the drug trade, departing from massive cartels such as Juan David Ochoa's Medellín cartel. Drug lords have begun breaking the large cartels into much smaller organizations. In so doing, they decreased the number of people involved and shrank their role as targets—most likely in an attempt to avoid the fate of their predecessors. With newer technology, drug lords are able to manage their operations more effectively from behind the scenes, keeping themselves out of the spotlight and off the FBI and DEA wanted lists. These smaller cartels are slowly proving to be safer and more profitable for those involved.[66]
Drug lords often have de facto control over the governments of the locations they operate in, through bribery, corruption, obstruction of justice, intimidation, contract killings, and narco-terrorism. They may also control or influence civilian populations through violence, and/or by winning hearts and minds. Drug lords like Pablo Escobar and El Chapo, are both known for controlling or influencing the civilian populations of their territories through using both methods. This phenomenon takes place in developing countries with weak and/or corrupt governments, where impunity is present or rife, and rule of law is missing or lacking. In narco-states, corrupt politicians and drug lords have symbiotic relationships.
Drug lords can benefit from political corruption and patronage, by contributing donations to political candidates, and/or by colluding with political candidates to rig elections in their favor, through vote buying and/or voter intimidation, in exchange for political favors. After such candidates are elected, they use their power to reward the drug lords, who supported them. The rewards might include: impunity, import/export licenses, and/or favorable decisions, such as banning extradition, softening laws against drug-trafficking, etc. For example, Juan Orlando Hernández protected drug cartels, who contributed donations to his presidential campaign, from criminal investigations, prosecutions, arrests, and convictions, after he was elected as the President of Honduras. While in office, the aforementioned politicians, may make corrupt appointments as quid pro quos. For example, a corrupt governor appoints a new police chief in a state police force, whom a drug lord can bribe, as a quid pro quo for helping him win a gubernatorial election. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, who lack any previous ties to the drug lords, may also solicit or accept bribes from them. It is also common for drug lords to intimidate, threaten, blackmail, or assassinate political candidates, who reject their political donations and/or bribes.
Drug lords also take advantage of police corruption, judicial corruption, prosecutorial corruption, and military corruption, through bribery, especially if the drug lords already possess a certain level of impunity, granted by corrupt politicians. They can influence legal proceedings, obstruct investigations, and avoid facing charges or indictments for their crimes, through bribing prosecutors. Drug lords can bribe judges and jurors, to influence court decisions, secure favorable rulings, and avoid conviction or receive lenient sentences for their offenses. Corrupt police officers can turn a blind eye towards the criminal activities of the drug lords and leak confidential information to them about police operations in exchange for bribes. It is crucial for drug lords to gain access to confidential information about police operations, so they are able to: know when and where the police carry out patrols; identify witnesses, informants, and undercover police; detect the presence of wiretaps, bugs, and other forms of police surveillance; receive advance notice of criminal investigations, police raids, sting operations, and manhunts; know the radio frequencies used by police radios; etc. For example, a corrupt police commander helps a drug lord evade capture, by alerting him to an upcoming police raid in his mansion 1 hour in advance. Hence, the police fail to find the drug lord in his mansion during the raid, because he dodged them. A drug lord can cover up his criminal activities and obstruct criminal investigations, by: destroying or concealing the evidence of said activities; intimidating witnesses, to prevent them from testifying against them; and murdering informants, who provide information to the police about his criminal activities.
Although, drug lords do not need to bribe every police officer in a police force, they must be able to bribe some high-ranking and mid-ranking cops, in addition to some low-rankings ones, in order to achieve long-term impunity, because high-ranking and mid-ranking cops oversee police operations and have the most access to confidential information. Hence, drug lords, who only bribe low-ranking cops, can achieve short-term impunity, but not long-term impunity. In some cases, drug lords also have to bribe corrupt police officers, to retrieve drugs or weapons, that were confiscated from them during searches and seizures. In other cases, corrupt police officers might sell weapons or drugs to drug lords, that were confiscated from other criminals. For example, a corrupt police chief steals 100 assault rifles from an evidence room in his police station, after they were confiscated from an arms trafficker during a search and seizure; eventually, he sells all of them at once to a drug lord, for US$400,000 in total.
If a drug lord has strong ties to a corrupt politician in office, such as a mayor, for example, he can ask the mayor to fire a police chief, who is not allied with the drug lord, and to appoint a new one, who is allied. This simple appointment facilitates the drug lord's ability, to bribe and influence the ranks of a police force, from top to bottom. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt police force, can utilize the police to target his rivals in the drug trade. This practice is common in Mexico, where drug cartels de facto control different regions of the country, including the municipal and state police forces of said regions, and often use them as weapons for targeting rival drug cartels. Some drug lords and drug cartels have so much influence over certain police forces, that they are able to gain access to police badges, uniforms, equipment, and vehicles, so they can impersonate police officers. In some cases, drug lords also hire corrupt police officers as bodyguards, hitmen, or kidnappers. Corrupt politicians in office, can also appoint corruptible judges, prosecutors, and military officers, whom the drug lords can also bribe and influence. A drug lord who has enough influence over a corrupt judiciary or a corrupt military unit, can also utilize them as weapons for targeting rivals in the drug trade. For example, some corrupt prosecutors and judges collude with a drug lord, by filing criminal charges and issuing arrest warrants on his rivals in the drug trade, while said drug lord operates with total impunity.
It is also common for drug lords to use violence or intimidation, as an additional tool for controlling or influencing members of law-enforcement agencies. For example, Pablo Escobar was known for using a carrot-and-stick approach, by offering "lead or silver" to Colombian police officers, judges, prosecutors, and military personnel. A drug lord with strong ties to corrupt politicians in office, is also more likely to be able to get away with committing such acts of violence. In some cases, corrupt politicians in office, may collude with drug lords to commit acts of violence or intimidation against members of law-enforcement agencies, who investigate or prosecute political corruption, to prevent said politicians in office from being charged, prosecuted, arrested, and/or convicted for corruption.
One of the most-notorious examples of the treatment given to drug lords is the incarceration of Escobar. Although Escobar was, after turning himself in, jailed for his participation in drug trafficking in Colombia, the "jail" in which he was captive, was a million-dollar palace built with his own funds and guarded by his own private army. Another famous crime lord who enjoyed lightened jail life was Al Capone, who continued to run his business from his jail cell, which contained tables, chairs, a bed, flowers, and paintings. For some crime lords, a short jail or prison sentence, serves as a way to avoid further persecution.
In Mexico, after the arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, there was a rise in the rate of violence. Félix was particularly known for his use of non-violence to keep his business running smooth and had bribed many political authorities for protecting himself and his business. He divided his territory and the remainingmembers of hisorganization formedother cartels. He kept in contact with the drug lords and remained as one of Mexico's major traffickers until he was transferred to Altiplano maximum security prison. Eventually, the cartels fought each other for territory and lead to brutal Drug Wars which caused thousands of deaths.
In developing countries, it is still common for drug lords to control local and regional governments, although this phenomenon is not as common as it was in the past. For example, Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada held de facto control over the Mexican state of Durango, by contributing donations to political campaigns during gubernatorial elections, along with assassinating political candidates who rejected his donations, and through bribing and intimidating the Durango State Police.[67] As of early 2023, he had never been arrested or incarcerated.[68] He was, however, arrested in 2024.
In developed countries, drug lords seldom control local and regional governments; they also have less influence over their surroundings, and their ability to continue to run their businesses, upon being arrested and incarcerated. Unlike developing countries, developed countries have stronger rule of law and do not suffer from nearly as much corruption. Hence, it is difficult for drug lords to operate in developed countries, such as the United States or Canada, in modern times. However, it is still relatively common for drug lords and drug cartels to operate with certain levels of impunity in developing countries, especially Latin American countries, such as Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and Mexico, in modern times.[35][69]
Another trend that has been emerging in the last decade is a willingness of local authorities to cooperate with foreign nations, most notably the U.S., in an effort to apprehend and incarcerate drug lords. Recently, especially in the last five years,[when?] countries have been more willing to extradite their drug lords to face charges in other countries, an act that not only benefits them directly but also gives them favor with foreign governments. Mexico extradited 63 drug dealers to the U.S. in 2006. However, extradition may be prohibited if the person faces either the death penalty or a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Nevertheless, such efforts have failed to curb the rise of new drug lords because of widespread corruption in foreign countries, especially Latin American countries. Today, there are also many drug lords in Latin America, who have never been extradited, and continue to operate with impunity.[36]
^Calderoni, Francesco (31 March 2020). "The nature of organised crime leadership: criminal leaders in meeting and wiretap networks". Crime, Law and Social Change. 72 (4): 419–444. doi:10.1007/s10611-019-09829-6. hdl:10807/131988. S2CID150995312.
^ abVincent, Isabel (January 29, 2006). "Where the drug lords are Kings". Vol. 120, no. 3. Maclean's. Academic Search Premier. pp. 23–24, 2p, 3c. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
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Voici une liste des bandes dessinées asiatiques ou d'influence asiatique traduites en français dont le titre commence par la lettre U. Les titres marqués d'une étoile (*) correspondent à des œuvres à paraître et sont donc susceptibles de varier. Titre français Titre original Auteur UFO Princess Valkyrie UFO Princess Valkyrie (円盤 皇女 ワるきゅーレ?) Kaishaku Ufo Robot Goldorak Yūfō Robo Gurendaizā (UFOロボ・グレンダイザー?) Go Nagai (scénario) Gosaku Ota (des...
Artikel ini menunjukkan pada sebuah bandara di Billings, Montana. Untuk bandara Logan di Massachusetts (area Boston), lihat Bandara Internasional Logan Billings Logan International AirportIATA: BILICAO: KBILFAA LID: BILInformasiJenisPublicPemilikCity of BillingsMelayaniBillings, MontanaMaskapai penghubungSilver AirwaysKetinggian dpl1,113 mdplSitus webFlyBillings.comPetaBILLocation of airport in MontanaLandasan pacu Arah Panjang Permukaan kaki m 7/25 5,503 1,677 Aspal 10L/28R 10,521 ...
Ana da Prússia Condessa de Hesse-Cassel Princesa da Prússia Retrato de 1858 por Franz Xaver Winterhalter. Consorte Frederico Guilherme de Hesse-Cassel Nascimento 17 de maio de 1836 Berlim, Prússia Morte 12 de junho de 1918 (82 anos) Frankfurt, Império Alemão Pai Carlos da Prússia Mãe Maria de Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Filho(s) Frederico Guilherme II de Hesse Isabel de Hesse-Cassel Alexandre Frederico de Hesse-Cassel Frederico Carlos de Hesse-Cassel Maria-Polyxene de ...
Class of drugs Typical antipsychoticDrug classSkeletal formula of chlorpromazine, the first neuroleptic drugSynonymsFirst generation antipsychotics, conventional antipsychotics, classical neuroleptics, traditional antipsychotics, major tranquilizersLegal statusIn Wikidata Bottle containing capsules of loxapine, a mid-potency typical antipsychotic Typical antipsychotics (also known as major tranquilizers, and first generation antipsychotics) are a class of antipsychotic drugs first developed i...
Masjid Raya Balai Gadang MungoAgamaAfiliasi agamaIslamLokasiLokasiJorong Balai Gadang Bawah, Nagari Mungo, Kecamatan Luhak, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat, IndonesiaKoordinat0°14′0.560″S 100°41′57.170″E / 0.23348889°S 100.69921389°E / -0.23348889; 100.69921389Koordinat: 0°14′0.560″S 100°41′57.170″E / 0.23348889°S 100.69921389°E / -0.23348889; 100.69921389ArsitekturJenisMasjidGaya arsitekturMinangkabauPeletakan ...
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Greatest Hits A Lighter Shade of Brown album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) 1999 greatest hits album by A Lighter Shade of BrownGreatest HitsGreatest hits album by A Lighter Shade of BrownReleasedOctober 19,...
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Indori fort – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Indori Fortभुईकोट किल्ला इंदोरीPune district, Maharashtra Indori FortIndori FortShow map of Mahara...
1985 single by Diana RossEaten AliveSingle by Diana Rossfrom the album Eaten Alive B-sideEaten Alive (Edited Dance Mix) (US)I'm Watching You (UK)ReleasedSeptember 1, 1985Recorded1985Length3:55LabelRCA (North America)Capitol (world)Songwriter(s)Barry GibbMaurice GibbMichael JacksonProducer(s)Barry GibbMichael JacksonKarl RichardsonAlbhy GalutenDiana Ross singles chronology Missing You (1984) Eaten Alive (1985) Chain Reaction (1985) Music videoEaten Alive on YouTube Eaten Alive is a 1985 so...
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Winnie Coutts (2 Februari 1876 – 29 Februari 1960) merupakan korban selamat dari bencana Titanic. Ia lahir di Irlandia dan hidup di London, Inggris dan menikah dengan William Coutts. Dari pernikahan tersebut mereka menghasilkan dua oran...
United States historic placeHuman Services CenterU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district The Hospital as seen from the south, showing the power plant, the administration and the water tower.Show map of South DakotaShow map of the United StatesLocationOff US 81, Yankton, South DakotaCoordinates42°54′52″N 97°25′40″W / 42.91444°N 97.42778°W / 42.91444; -97.42778Built1882ArchitectMead, Dr. Leonard C.Architectural styleLate 19th And ...
Seri Dragon BallGambar sampul Serangan Balik Goku.MangaAlbum nomor13EpisodeDragon Ball SagaDidahului olehMisteri Raja Iblis PiccoloDiikuti denganStrategi SelanjutnyaDiterbitkan di Jepang1984Diterbitkan di Indonesia1993 Serangan Balik Goku adalah jilid ke-13 manga Dragon Ball. lbsSeri Dragon BallDiterbitkan oleh Elex Media KomputindoGoku dan Kawan-Kawannya • Kemelut Dragon Ball • Tenkaichi Budokai Dimulai • Pendekar Tangguh • Teror Mussle Tower • Kegagalan Burma • Pengejaran Jendra...
This article is about the military organization. For the album, see The Great Heathen Army. Norse invasion of England in 865 Great Heathen ArmyPart of the Viking invasions of the British IslesA map of the routes taken by the Great Heathen Army from 865 to 878Date865–878LocationEnglandResult Treaty of WedmoreFoundation of DanelawBelligerents Vikings Danes Norwegians Swedes Norse–Gaels Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Wessex Northumbria Mercia East Anglia Kingdom of StrathclydeKingdom of AlbaCommander...
Nehemia 5Kitab Ezra (Kitab Ezra-Nehemia) (memuat Kitab Ezra dan Nehemia) lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab NehemiaKategoriNevi'imBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen16← pasal 4 pasal 6 → Nehemia 5 (disingkat Neh 5) adalah pasal kelima Kitab Nehemia dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Memuat riwayat juru minuman raja Persia, Artahsasta, dan bupati di tanah Yehuda, Nehemia bin Hakhalya. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani...
For the article on the baseball player Bill Burns, see Sleepy Bill Burns. For the article on the newscaster Bill Burns, see Bill Burns (anchor). Bill BurnsBorn1956Regina, Saskatchewan, CanadaNationalityCanadianEducationGoldsmiths College, LondonAwardsDanish International Visiting Artist Award, Copenhagen; Pollock-Krasner Foundation, New York The Worker Bee, no 1, 2018 Bill Burns (born 1956) is a Canadian artist. Life and work Burns is known for his artists' books, performance, sculpture, draw...
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