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Dressler syndrome
Dressler syndrome
Specialty	Cardiology

Dressler syndrome is a secondary form of pericarditis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the pericardium (the outer lining of the heart). It consists of fever, pleuritic pain, pericarditis and/or pericardial effusion.

Dressler syndrome is also known as postmyocardial infarction syndrome^[1] and the term is sometimes used to refer to post-pericardiotomy pericarditis.

It was first characterized by William Dressler at Maimonides Medical Center in 1956.^[2]^[3]^[4]

It should not be confused with Dressler's syndrome of haemoglobinuria named for Lucas Dressler, who characterized it in 1854.^[5]^[6]

Presentation

Dressler syndrome was historically a phenomenon complicating about 7% of myocardial infarctions,^[7] but in the era of percutaneous coronary intervention, it is very uncommon. The disease consists of persistent low-grade fever, chest pain (usually pleuritic), pericarditis (usually evidenced by a pericardial friction rub, chest pain worsening when recumbent, and diffuse ST elevation with PR segment depression), and/or pericardial effusion. The symptoms tend to occur 2–3 weeks after myocardial infarction but can also be delayed a few months. It tends to subside in a few days, and very rarely leads to pericardial tamponade.^[8] Elevated ESR is an objective but nonspecific laboratory finding.

Causes

It is believed to result from an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to myocardial neo-antigens formed as a result of the MI. Similar pericarditis can be associated with any pericardiotomy or trauma to the pericardium or heart surgery which is called a postcardiotomy syndrome.^{[citation needed]}

Diagnosis

Differential diagnosis

Dressler syndrome needs to be differentiated from pulmonary embolism, another identifiable cause of pleuritic (and non-pleuritic) chest pain in people who have been hospitalized and/or undergone surgical procedures within the preceding weeks.^{[citation needed]} ischaemic heart disease.

Treatment

Dressler syndrome is best treated with high-dose aspirin. In some resistant cases, corticosteroids can be used but are not preferred (avoided) in the first month due to the high frequency of impaired ventricular healing leading to an increased rate of ventricular rupture. Other NSAIDs, though once used to treat Dressler syndrome, are less advocated and should be avoided in patients with ischemic heart disease. One NSAID in particular, indomethacin, can inhibit new collagen deposition, thus impairing the healing process for the infarcted region. Other NSAIDS should be used only in cases refractory to aspirin. Heparin should be avoided because it can lead to hemorrhage into the pericardial sac, leading to tamponade. The only time heparin could be used with pericarditis is with coexisting acute MI, in order to prevent further thrombus formation.^[9]

References

^ Hutchcroft, B J (1 July 1972). "Dressler's syndrome". BMJ. 3 (5817): 49–9. doi:10.1136/bmj.3.5817.49-a. PMC 1788531. PMID 5039567.
^ Bendjelid K, Pugin J (November 2004). "Is Dressler syndrome dead?". Chest. 126 (5): 1680–2. doi:10.1378/chest.126.5.1680. PMID 15539743.
^ Streifler J, Pitlik S, Dux S, et al. (April 1984). "Dressler's syndrome after right ventricular infarction". Postgrad Med J. 60 (702): 298–300. doi:10.1136/pgmj.60.702.298. PMC 2417818. PMID 6728756.
^ Dressler W (January 1959). "The post-myocardial-infarction syndrome: a report on forty-four cases". Arch Intern Med. 103 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1001/archinte.1959.00270010034006. PMID 13605300.
^ synd/3982 at Who Named It?
^ Dressler, L. A. (1854). "Ein Fall von intermittierender Albuminurie und Chromaturie" [A case of intermittent albuminuria and chromaturia]. Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin (in German). 6: 264–6. hdl:2027/hvd.32044093329910.
^ Krainin F, Flessas A, Spodick D (1984). "Infarction-associated pericarditis. Rarity of diagnostic electrocardiogram". N Engl J Med. 311 (19): 1211–4. doi:10.1056/NEJM198411083111903. PMID 6493274.
^ Hertzeanu, H; Almog, C; Algom, M (1983). "Cardiac tamponade in Dressler's syndrome. Case report". Cardiology. 70 (1): 31–6. doi:10.1159/000173566. PMID 6850684.
^ Jaffe, AS; Boyle, AJ (2009). "Acute Myocardial Infarction". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.). CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Cardiology (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 51–72. ISBN 978-0-07-170199-0.