Draft:First Seven

The First Seven (Mongolian: Анхны долоо, romanized: Ankhny doloo) refers to the seven Mongolian revolutionaries and founding members of the Mongo

Draft:First Seven
Top row (L-R): Dogsomyn Bodoo, Dambyn Chagdarjav, Khorloogiin Choibalsan, Darizavyn Losol
Bottom row (L-R): Soliin Danzan, Damdiny Sukhbaatar, Dansranbilegiin Dogsom

The First Seven (Mongolian: Анхны долоо, romanized: Ankhny doloo) refers to the seven Mongolian revolutionaries and founding members of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP) which led the Mongolian Revolution of 1921, locally known as the People's Revolution of 1921.[1] The seven revolutionaries composed of Dogsomyn Bodoo, Soliin Danzan, Damdiny Sükhbaatar, Dambyn Chagdarjav, Dansranbilegiin Dogsom, Khorloogiin Choibalsan, and Darizavyn Losol.

Prior to the revolution, the first seven founded the underground East Khuree and Consular Hill groups in 1919 during the Chinese occupation of Mongolia. In 1920, the seven revolutionaries sought aid and military support from Soviet Russia to secure Mongolian independence. The group soon founded the Mongolian People's Party in 1920 and established the People's Provisional Government in the wake of 1921.

In the aftermath of the revolution, these seven figures rose to high government and military positions within the Mongolian People's Republic. However, in the years leading up to the Great Repression, all except Sükhbaatar, who died in 1923, and Choibalsan, who seized power, were repressed in political charges.

Formation

In late 1919, Outer Mongolia was occupied by Chinese troops led by Xu Shuzheng. Between 1919 and early 1920, a few Mongolians formed what became known as the "Consular Hill" (Konsulyn denj) and East Khüree (Züün khüree) groups, representing the beginning of organised resistance to Chinese rule.[2]

Consular Hill group

The Consular Hill group was founded by Dogsomyn Bodoo (1885–1922), a highly educated lama who had worked as a Mongolian language teacher at the Russian-Mongolian School for Translators and was exposed to Russian Bolshevism through his contacts at the Russian consulate.[3] Other members of the Consular Hill group included Dambyn Chagdarjav (1880–1922), head of commerce department in the capital,[4] and Darizavyn Losol (1890–1940), a former monk who had served in the army of Autonomous Mongolia since 1911.[5] Khorloogiin Choibalsan (1895–1952), who acted as Bodoo's Russian interpreter, also joined the group; he had been sent to study at a gymnasium in Irkutsk from 1914 to 1917 and was exposed to Bolshevism while living among Irkutsk's radicalised student population.[6]

East Khüree group

The East Khüree group was established in 1919 by Soliin Danzan (1885–1924), a customs official in the Ministry of Finance, Dansranbilegiin Dogsom (1884–1941), a ministry official who had participated as a scribe in the negotiations of the Treaty of Kyakhta of 1915,[7] and Damdiny Sükhbaatar (1893–1923), a soldier in the Mongolian army whose talent for military tactics and skills at riding and shooting had earned him the respect of his comrades.

The two groups met on 25 June 1920 and formed the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), adopted a Party Oath, and agreed to send delegates to Soviet Russia to seek assistance.[8]

Role

Seven delegates embarked for the Russian SFSR: Danzan and Choibalsan left first for Irkutsk in early July, followed by Bodoo and Chagdarjav in mid-July, and then Sükhbaatar, Losol, and Dogsom in late July. Sükhbaatar was tasked with smuggling a letter from the Bogd Khan requesting Soviet assistance through Chinese checkpoints; the hollowed handle of his whip he used for this purpose is today displayed in a museum in Ulaanbaatar.[9] Danzan, Losol, and Chagdarjav subsequently traveled on to Moscow, while Sükhbaatar and Choibalsan remained in Irkutsk for several months raising awareness of Mongolia's plight and receiving military training. During this period Sükhbaatar gradually became a second mentor to Choibalsan.[10]

After months of negotiations in Irkutsk, Omsk, and Moscow, the Mongolians received Soviet support. A party conference, subsequently regarded as the first congress of the Mongolian People's Party, met secretly on 1–3 March 1921 at Kyakhta, a town in Russia located near the border. Chagdarjav was appointed prime minister of the People's Provisional Government (Ардын түр засгийн газар), with Bodoo named Minister of External Affairs; Losol was elected to the Central Committee and appointed Minister of Finance; Choibalsan was appointed Political Commissar of the Mongolian People's Army commanded by Sükhbaatar; and Danzan was elected chairman of the party's Central Committee.[11][12] The Party also approved the creation of an army command staff headed by Sükhbaatar and adopted a party manifesto.[13]

Mongolian Revolution of 1921

Immediately after the first congress, the provisional government decided to seize the Mongolian part of Kyakhta from the Chinese troops. On 18 March 1921, Sükhbaatar's troops, despite being heavily outnumbered, succeeded in taking the town. This day is now the official holiday of Mongolia's army. Shortly after, Chagdarjav was relieved of the prime ministership on 16 April 1921 and Bodoo took over as both Prime Minister and Foreign Minister.[14]

Back row from left: unknown, unknown, Rinchingiin Elbegdorj, Soliin Danzan, Damdin Sükhbaatar, Ajvaagiin Danzan, Shumyatsky, unknown, Dogsomyn Bodoo

On 18 March 1921, the Mongolian guerrilla army seized the Chinese garrison at Kyakhta Maimaicheng. After initial skirmishes, the joint Soviet and Mongolian forces defeated White Russian forces in battles between 11 and 13 June.[15] Combined Bolshevik and Red Mongolian forces entered the capital, Niislel Khuree, on 6 July 1921. Von Ungern-Sternberg was captured by Red partisans on 20 August 1921 and executed on 15 September 1921, after which the power of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia was eliminated.[16]

On 11 July, the new government was ceremonially established, with the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu installed as a limited monarch while real power laid with the MPP. The 1921 People's Revolution, with the help of Soviet intervention, removed Chinese and White Russian military presence from the country.[17] It wouldn't be until 1924 when Mongolia formally established the Mongolian People's Republic and declared independence.

Aftermath

After his death, Sükhbaatar was canonised by Communist historians as the "Lenin of Mongolia" and enshrined as the "Father of Mongolia's Revolution."[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Baabar, B. (1999). History of Mongolia. p. 203. ISBN 978-99929-0-038-3.
  2. ^ Thomas E. Ewing, "The Origin of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party: 1920", Mongolian Studies (Bloomington, Ind., 1978–79), pp. 79–105.
  3. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-8108-3077-6.
  4. ^ "ЧАГДАРЖАВ Дамбын". mongoltoli.mn. Archived from the original on 2024-12-17. Retrieved 2026-07-24.
  5. ^ Bawden, C.R. (1989). The Modern History of Mongolia. London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. p. 206. ISBN 0-7103-0326-2.
  6. ^ Baabar (1999). History of Mongolia. Cambridge: Monsudar Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 99929-0-038-5.
  7. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-8108-3077-6.
  8. ^ Choibalsan, Khorloogiin; Losol, Darizavyn; Demid, D. (1934). Mongolyn ardyn ündyesnii kkhuvisgal ankkh üüsyeg baiguulagdsan tovch tüükkh (in Mongolian). Vol. 1. Ulaanbaatar. pp. 100–102.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Bawden, Charles R. (1968). The Modern History of Mongolia. London. p. 210.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Bawden, C.R. (1989). The Modern History of Mongolia. London: Kegan Paul International Ltd. p. 215. ISBN 0-7103-0326-2.
  11. ^ Baabar, B. (1999). History of Mongolia. p. 216. ISBN 978-99929-0-038-3.
  12. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 42. ISBN 0-8108-3077-9.
  13. ^ Mongolyn ardyn khuv'sgalt namyn negdügeer ikh khural [First congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party], (Ulan Bator, 1971).
  14. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-8108-3077-9.
  15. ^ Гражданская война и военная интервенция в СССР (Civil war and military intervention in the USSR), Сов-я Энциклопедия, 1983.
  16. ^ Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR], (Moscow, 1957), v. 3, no. 192, pp. 55–56.
  17. ^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mongolia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810861916.
  18. ^ Bacon, Paul. Escaping the Ice-Prison. p. 4.

Content Disclaimer

Informasi ini disarikan dari Wikipedia dan disajikan kembali untuk tujuan edukasi. Konten tersedia di bawah lisensi CC BY-SA 3.0. Kami tidak bertanggung jawab atas ketidakakuratan data yang bersumber dari kontribusi publik tersebut.

  1. The information displayed on this website is sourced in part or in whole from Wikipedia and has been adapted for the purpose of restating it. We strive to provide accurate and relevant information, however:
  2. There is no guarantee of absolute accuracy. Wikipedia is an open, collaborative project that can be edited by anyone, so information is subject to change.
  3. It is not intended to constitute professional advice. The content displayed is for informational and educational purposes only. For important decisions (e.g., medical, legal, or financial), please consult a professional.
  4. Content copyright. Wikipedia is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA). This means that content may be reused with appropriate attribution and shared under a similar license.
  5. Responsible use. Any risk arising from the use of information from this website is entirely the responsibility of the user.