Draft:Daniel Gartenberg

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Draft:Daniel Gartenberg

Daniel Gartenberg is an American cognitive psychologist and sleep researcher whose work has examined sustained attention, computational models of fatigue, sleep measurement, auditory stimulation during sleep, and technology-assisted interventions for insomnia. He is the founder and chief executive officer of the sleep-technology company SleepSpace.[1]

Gartenberg was a TED Resident and gave the 2017 TED Talk The brain benefits of deep sleep — and how to get more of it, concerning deep sleep and research on auditory stimulation during sleep.[2]

Education and early research

Gartenberg studied psychology and neurobiology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 2009, while an undergraduate, he and electrical and computer engineering student Justin Beck won the university's $10,000 Schoofs Prize for Creativity for Proactive Sleep, an iPhone application intended to monitor sleep patterns and adjust alarm timing.[3]

Gartenberg later attended George Mason University, receiving a master's degree in psychology in 2012 and a PhD in 2016.[1] His dissertation, A Comprehensive Computational Model of Sustained Attention, examined cognitive fatigue and performance during prolonged attention tasks.[4]

His doctoral research included the use of the ACT-R cognitive architecture to model vigilance and fatigue. A 2014 paper with Bella Z. Veksler, Glenn Gunzelmann, and J. Gregory Trafton applied fatigue mechanisms previously used to model the effects of sleep loss on sustained attention to performance declines in vigilance tasks.[5] A subsequent study published in Frontiers in Psychology examined how task requirements affect declines in vigilance during sustained-attention tasks.[6]

During this period, Gartenberg was involved in the Quantified Self movement. The Washington Post identified him in 2015 as the organizer of the Washington, D.C., Quantified Self group and reported on sleep-tracking applications he had developed.[7]

The University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Psychology later gave Gartenberg its Distinguished Alumni Award for Early Career Achievement.[8]

Sleep measurement

Gartenberg's research has included the use of smartphones and wearable devices to measure sleep and related behavior. A 2013 study in Personal and Ubiquitous Computing examined the collection of health-related information using smartphones.[9]

In a 2020 study published in Sleep, Daniel M. Roberts, Margeaux M. Schade, Gina M. Mathew, Gartenberg, and Orfeu M. Buxton compared heart-rate and motion data from consumer multisensor wearables with wrist actigraphy and polysomnography.[10] The researchers reported that data from multisensor consumer wearables were strongly correlated with reference devices at the epoch level and could be used to develop sleep–wake models with performance comparable to existing research devices.[10]

A 2023 study in Sleep Health evaluated a machine-learning model designed to classify sleep and wake continuously over approximately 24-hour periods without first identifying an individual's in-bed interval.[11] The study used a temporal convolutional network trained on actigraphy and evaluated against sleep/wake labels derived from polysomnography and observed wakefulness.[11]

Auditory stimulation during sleep

Another area of Gartenberg's research has examined auditory stimulation during sleep. A 2020 study in Nature and Science of Sleep by Margeaux M. Schade, Gina M. Mathew, Daniel M. Roberts, Gartenberg, and Orfeu M. Buxton compared enhancing, disruptive, and sham auditory-stimulation conditions during non-rapid-eye-movement sleep.[12]

The enhancing condition was associated with a greater proportion of N3 sleep than the sham condition. Disruptive stimulation was associated with reduced N3 sleep, greater sleep fragmentation, and increased next-day vigilance lapses.[12] The research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant for which Gartenberg was principal investigator.[12]

George Mason University profiled this line of research in 2024, describing Gartenberg's progression from modeling cognitive fatigue to research involving sleep physiology, polysomnography, and auditory stimulation.[1] Gartenberg also discussed the auditory-stimulation research in his 2017 TED presentation.[2]

Insomnia research

Gartenberg's later research has included technology-assisted approaches to cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). He co-authored a 2023 paper in Contemporary Clinical Trials describing the design of a randomized clinical trial comparing technology-assisted CBT-I, standard CBT-I, and sleep-hygiene education.[13]

The trial included measures of insomnia severity, sleep, cognition, treatment adherence, psychosocial outcomes, and biomarkers related to cognitive health.[13] George Mason University reported in 2024 that Gartenberg's work had received support from the National Institutes of Health for the development and testing of a digital intervention for insomnia.[1]

Sleep Review subsequently reported on a National Institute on Aging SBIR grant for a randomized trial involving older adults with insomnia and examining a smartphone-based digital CBT-I intervention and cognitive outcomes.[14]

SleepSpace and public work

Gartenberg founded SleepSpace, a sleep-technology company developing software for sleep measurement and behavioral sleep interventions.[1] George Mason University's 2024 profile described SleepSpace in the context of his earlier work on fatigue, sleep tracking, auditory stimulation, and insomnia treatment.[1]

Sleep Review has also covered SleepSpace in reporting on AI-assisted sleep coaching, discussing the use of software to supplement CBT-I education and clinician support.[15]

Gartenberg and his work have been the subject of other media coverage. Quartz published a long-form interview concerning his research and views on sleep duration, circadian rhythms, sleep stages, sleep tracking, and auditory stimulation.[16] The American Psychological Association profiled Gartenberg in its Monitor on Psychology in 2016 in an article about his transition from graduate psychology research to technology entrepreneurship.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Hawkins, Danielle (September 26, 2024). "This George Mason alum can help you sleep better". George Mason University News. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  2. ^ a b "Dan Gartenberg". TED. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  3. ^ Knisely, Sandra (February 12, 2009). "iPhone sleep improvement application wins at innovation competition". University of Wisconsin–Madison News. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  4. ^ "A Comprehensive Computational Model of Sustained Attention". George Mason University Department of Psychology. March 2, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  5. ^ Gartenberg, Daniel; Veksler, Bella Z.; Gunzelmann, Glenn; Trafton, J. Gregory (2014). "An ACT-R Process Model of the Signal Duration Phenomenon of Vigilance". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Vol. 58. pp. 909–913. doi:10.1177/1541931214581191.
  6. ^ Gartenberg, Daniel; Gunzelmann, Glenn; Hassanzadeh-Behbaha, Shiva; Trafton, J. Gregory (2018). "Examining the Role of Task Requirements in the Magnitude of the Vigilance Decrement". Frontiers in Psychology. 9 1504. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01504. PMC 6109784. PMID 30177902.
  7. ^ Cha, Ariana Eunjung (May 9, 2015). "The revolution will be digitized". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  8. ^ "Alumni Awards". University of Wisconsin–Madison Department of Psychology. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  9. ^ Gartenberg, Daniel; Thornton, Ross; Masood, Mortazavi; Pfannenstiel, Dana; Taylor, Daniel; Parasuraman, Raja (2013). "Collecting health-related data on the smart phone: mental models, cost of collection, and perceived benefit of feedback". Personal and Ubiquitous Computing. 17 (3): 561–570. doi:10.1007/s00779-012-0508-3.
  10. ^ a b Roberts, Daniel M.; Schade, Margeaux M.; Mathew, Gina M.; Gartenberg, Daniel; Buxton, Orfeu M. (2020). "Detecting sleep using heart rate and motion data from multisensor consumer-grade wearables, relative to wrist actigraphy and polysomnography". Sleep. 43 (7) zsaa045. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa045. PMC 7355403. PMID 32215550.
  11. ^ a b Roberts, Daniel M.; Schade, Margeaux M.; Master, Lindsay; Honavar, Vasant G.; Nahmod, Nicole G.; Chang, Anne-Marie; Gartenberg, Daniel; Buxton, Orfeu M. (2023). "Performance of an open machine learning model to classify sleep/wake from actigraphy across approximately 24-hour intervals without knowledge of rest timing". Sleep Health. 9 (5): 596–610. doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.001. PMC 11005467. PMID 37573208.
  12. ^ a b c Schade, Margeaux M.; Mathew, Gina M.; Roberts, Daniel M.; Gartenberg, Daniel; Buxton, Orfeu M. (2020). "Enhancing Slow Oscillations and Increasing N3 Sleep Proportion with Supervised, Non-Phase-Locked Pink Noise and Other Non-Standard Auditory Stimulation During NREM Sleep". Nature and Science of Sleep. 12: 411–429. doi:10.2147/NSS.S243204. PMC 7364346. PMID 32765139.
  13. ^ a b Emert, Sarah E.; Taylor, Daniel J.; Gartenberg, Daniel (2023). "A non-pharmacological multi-modal therapy to improve sleep and cognition and reduce mild cognitive impairment risk: Design and methodology of a randomized clinical trial". Contemporary Clinical Trials. 132 107275. doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107275. PMC 11972623. PMID 37380020.
  14. ^ "AI SleepSpace Phone Earns NIH Grant". Sleep Review. 8 October 2025. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  15. ^ "The Sleep Coaches That Don't Need to Sleep". Sleep Review. 30 April 2026. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  16. ^ King, Georgia Frances (10 June 2018). "Why eight hours a night isn't enough, according to a leading sleep scientist". Quartz. Retrieved August 11, 2026.
  17. ^ "The road less traveled". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2026.

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