Draft:Autonomic Response Testing

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Draft:Autonomic Response Testing
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Autonomic Response Testing (A.R.T.) is an alternative diagnostic method used by some health practitioners within complementary and integrative medicine practices.[1] It is a form of muscle testing derived from applied kinesiology and other related techniques.[2][3][4]. A 2019 review described A.R.T. as a ‘whole-person system used by some integrative practitioners.’ The article also highlighted the multi-modal approach A.R.T. practitioners take in addressing their patients' concerns. The same review also highlights that there is a limited amount of research on A.R.T. and patient outcomes from A.R.T., especially the lack of material published by independent authors.[1]

Reviews of applied and specialised kinesiology have found the literature limited and methodologically variable, in addition to the previous article. Moreover, critics of applied kinesiology and manual muscle testing have argued that there is insufficient evidence to support its use for diagnosing diseases or preclinical conditions.[2][3]

Autonomic Response Testing (A.R.T.) was developed in the late 20th century by Dr Dietrich Klinghardt MD PHD in collaboration with chiropractor Louisa Williams M.S., D.C., N.D.[5] and was later further developed by Daniela Deiosso MSc.[6] it incorporates elements of applied Kinesiology and Yoshiaki Omura’s Bi-Digital O-ring test.[7][8]

History

A.R.T. emerged from other muscle testing systems developed from applied kinesiology in the 1960s.[4][2]

It was influenced by concepts related to biofeedback, autonomic regulation and Omura’s O-Ring test.[5] Practitioner sources describe A.R.T. as using changes in the Autonomic Nervous System as indicators of stress responses.[9][8] Practitioner sources describe A.R.T. as drawing on applied kinesiology, autonomic regulation concepts and Yoshiaki Omura’s Bi-Digital O-Ring Test.[1][7][8][9]

Since the 1990s,[5] A.R.T. has been incorporated into teaching workshops and educational programs within parts of the complementary and integrative medicine community. A.R.T. is still being taught globally, as of May 2026.[9][10][11]

Method

Practitioners use manual muscle testing procedures to evaluate responses interpreted as indicators of physiological stress or autonomic dysfunction.[1][8][9]

A.R.T. testing usually requires two people: the practitioner conducting the test and another person whose arm is used for muscle testing.

Training materials and practitioner literature often describe concepts including:

  • Blocked regulation
  • Biophoton and biofield models
  • Five levels of healing
  • Environmental and toxic stressors
  • Emotional factors.

[1][8][9][10]

A.R.T. practitioners use A.R.T. within a range of modalities, as A.R.T. training does not give practitioners a license to see patients,[10] and thus the use of A.R.T. varies between practitioners. A.R.T. training currently does not qualify a person to diagnose or treat medical conditions in any jurisdiction. A.R.T. practitioners' use of A.R.T. is limited solely to the scope of their existing professional qualifications.[10]

Evidence and criticism

There is a lack of published material on A.R.T. and other similar techniques, creating a lack of evidence to support practitioner literature.[1]

Evidence of A.R.T. consists primarily of case reports, case studies and observational studies. Reviews have noted the limitations in the quanity and quality of such evidence.

Critics classify A.R.T. and related muscle testing systems as unproven diagnostic approaches.[2][3][12] Mainstream Autonomic response testing in medicine refers to established procedures such as tilt table testing and autonomic reflex testing, which should not be confused with Autonomic Response testing.[13]

There are case studies that have reported positive patient outcomes arising from A.R.T. However, such reports do not establish A.R.T. as a validated diagnostic method.[14][15][16]

Because the evidence base is limited, claims made for A.R.T. are generally treated as practitioner claims rather than established medical findings.[1][2][3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g LaRiccia, P.J., Brobyn, T.L., Curzon, J., McClure, M. and Chung, M.K. (2019) ‘Autonomic Response Testing as a Whole Person System of Health Care’, Townsend Letter, November. Available at: https://townsendletter.com/narrative-review-autonomic-response-testing-lariccia-et-al/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  2. ^ a b c d e Hall, S., Lewith, G., Brien, S. and Little, P. (2008) ‘A review of the literature in applied and specialised kinesiology’, Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 15(1), pp. 40–46. doi: 10.1159/000112820.
  3. ^ a b c d Haas, M., Cooperstein, R. and Peterson, D. (2007) ‘Disentangling manual muscle testing and Applied Kinesiology: critique and reinterpretation of a literature review’, Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 15, article 11. doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-15-11.
  4. ^ a b Cuthbert, S. and Goodheart, G.J. (2007) ‘On the reliability and validity of manual muscle testing: a literature review’, Chiropractic & Osteopathy, 15, article 4. doi: 10.1186/1746-1340-15-4.
  5. ^ a b c Klinghardt, D. and Williams, L. (1996) A.R.T.: Autonomic Response Testing. Self-published practitioner training manual.
  6. ^ Klinghardt Institute (n.d.) ‘Our Team’. Available at: https://klinghardtinstitute.com/our-team/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  7. ^ a b Omura, Y. (1983) ‘The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test: critical evaluation of its abnormal responses with laboratory tests including “blood pressure & blood flow method,” “blood chemistry,” etc., and “neurological method”’, Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research, 8(1), pp. 37–43. doi: 10.3727/036012983816715037.
  8. ^ a b c d e Klinghardt Academy of Neurobiology (n.d.) ‘Autonomic Response Testing’. Available at: https://www.klinghardt.org/art.html (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  9. ^ a b c d e Klinghardt Institute (n.d.) ‘What is A.R.T.?’. Available at: https://klinghardtinstitute.com/what-is-art/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  10. ^ a b c d Klinghardt Institute (n.d.) ‘A.R.T. 1’. Available at: https://klinghardtinstitute.com/art1/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  11. ^ A.R.T. Global (n.d.) ‘A.R.T. Global’. Available at: https://luma.com/artglobal (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  12. ^ Barrett, S. (2003) ‘Applied Kinesiology: Muscle-Testing for “Allergies” and “Nutrient Deficiencies”’, Quackwatch, 28 March. Available at: https://quackwatch.org/chiropractic/dd/ak/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  13. ^ MedlinePlus (n.d.) ‘Autonomic Testing’. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/autonomic-testing/ (Accessed: 26 May 2026).
  14. ^ Couture, D.C. et al. (2016) ‘Integrative medicine approach to pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety: A case report’, Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 5, pp. 117–121. Available at: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4756770/
  15. ^ Brobyn, T.L. and LaRiccia, P.J. (2017) ‘Successful treatment of chronic edema, recurrent cellulitis and leg pain successfully treated using Autonomic Response Testing assessment: Case report’, Journal of Science and Healing Outcomes, 9, pp. 5–13.
  16. ^ Chung, M.K. (2023) [full article title needed], Integrative and Complementary Therapies. Available at: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ict.2023.29089.mkc

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