Divine surprise

Charles Maurras (1868-1952).

The "divine surprise" is an expression used by the French journalist and politician Charles Maurras, director of L'Action française. The phrase originally celebrated the rise to power of Marshal Pétain on 11 July 1940. Today, it is mainly used to emphasize the unexpected and striking nature of an event.

Overview

Context

The Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain took place on 10 July 1940. The following day, Pétain declared himself the head of the French State and assumed full powers. He proclaimed the National Revolution, which Maurras praised as early as July 1940[1].

The phrase "divine surprise" was first written by Maurras in the weekly Candide on 15 January 1941, celebrating the rise of Marshal Pétain to the leadership of a state "in which Jews and immigrants would no longer be masters, leaders, or beneficiaries," due to the "suicide" of republican democracy in July 1940[2][3]. He further elaborated on this phrase in Le Petit Marseillais on 9 February 1941[4][5]. He referenced it again in April 1941 in an article in L'Action française to clarify its meaning and respond to criticism[6]. Finally, Maurras reiterated the expression in his book De la colère à la justice, published in 1942[7].

Analysis

Historian Olivier Dard notes that the phrase "does not refer to the defeat and collapse of the Republic but to 'the man everyone trusted,' Marshal Pétain"[5].

Journalist François Honti confirms that Maurras did not rejoice in France's defeat by Nazi Germany but commented only on "the fact that in their misfortune the French found in Pétain a leader around whom they could rally"[8].

Caricature of Charles Maurras at his trial related to his support for Pétainism in Les Lettres françaises on 20 January 1945.

For sociologist Julien Damon, Maurras viewed Pétain's rise to power as "a revenge on the Revolution—according to him the greatest misfortune in history, the main cause of the dissolution of social bonds—and on the Republic—according to him responsible for all ills, particularly the defeat of 1940"[2].

Legacy

The phrase is sometimes used in common language to emphasize the unexpected and striking nature of an event. For instance, Mathieu Burgaudeau's third-place finish in the 2023 Tour de France was hailed as a "divine surprise" in La Voix du Nord[9], as was Markéta Vondroušová's victory at Wimbledon 2023 in L'Équipe[10].

In 2002, film critic Pierre Murat used the Maurrasian phrase in a critique of hypermedia and materialism[11].

During the 2022 French presidential election, journalist Thomas Legrand used it to describe the emergence of Éric Zemmour's candidacy[12].

On 4 July 2024, the Indigènes de la République described the riots following Nahel Merzouk's death as a "divine surprise, which puts the racial question back at the center of political debate"[13][14].

References

  1. ^ Ch. Maurras, "L'esprit de la Révolution nationale," Candide, 24 July 1940 (the phrase "divine surprise" does not appear in this text).
  2. ^ a b Damon, Julien (1 February 2005). "The thought of... Charles Maurras (1868-1952)". Informations Sociales. 121 (1): 119. doi:10.3917/inso.121.0119. ISSN 0046-9459. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  3. ^ Charles Maurras, "La grande besogne," Candide, 15 January 1941.
  4. ^ Le Petit Marseillais (in French). 9 February 1941. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  5. ^ a b Dard, Olivier (25 September 2013). Charles Maurras: Le maître et l'action (in French). Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2-200-29030-6. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  6. ^ L'Action française, 15 April 1941
  7. ^ Charles Maurras, De la colère à la justice, Édition du Milieu du Monde, Paris, 1942, pp. 85–93.
  8. ^ Honti, François (1 May 1967). "Charles Maurras and his Action française". Le Monde diplomatique (in French). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  9. ^ Liron, Sylvain (16 July 2023). "Tour de France: Mathieu Burgaudeau, divine surprise, second podium". La Voix du Nord (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  10. ^ "Markéta Vondroušová victorious at Wimbledon: the divine surprise". L'Équipe (in French). Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  11. ^ Murat, Pierre (2002). "Divine surprise". Les Cahiers de Médiologie (in French). 13 (1): 189–199. doi:10.3917/cdm.013.0189. ISSN 1270-0665. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  12. ^ Legrand, Thomas. "Eric Zemmour, the "divine surprise" of Marine Le Pen". Libération (in French). Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  13. ^ "Amnesty for the Rebels of Dignity, Justice and Reparations for Our Youth and Families!". Indigènes de la République (in French). 4 July 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  14. ^ "Urban riots are a "divine surprise" for the Indigènes de la République". Atlantico (in French). 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

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