Directional freezing

Directional freezing freezes from only one direction.

Directional freezing can freeze water, from only one direction or side of a container, into clear ice.^[1][2][3]

Directional freezing in a domestic freezer can be done by putting water in a insulated container so that the water freezes from the top down, and removing before fully frozen, so that the minerals in the water are not frozen.^[4]

F Hoffmann La Roche AG, Roche Diagnostics GmbH has a 2017 directional freezing patent for drying solid material.^[5]

See also

• Aquamelt
• Beluga whale
• Clear ice
• Hydrogel
• Freeze-casting§Static vs. dynamic freezing profiles
• Molecular self-assembly

Further reading

• Zhang, Haifei; Hussain, Irshad; Brust, Mathias; Butler, Michael F.; Rannard, Steven P.; Cooper, Andrew I. (1 October 2005). "Aligned two- and three-dimensional structures by directional freezing of polymers and nanoparticles". Nature Materials. 4 (10): 787–793. Bibcode:2005NatMa...4..787Z. doi:10.1038/nmat1487. PMID 16184171. S2CID 26987500.
• Arav, Amir; Natan, Yehudit (November 2009). "Directional Freezing: A Solution to the Methodological Challenges to Preserve Large Organs". Seminars in Reproductive Medicine. 27 (6): 438–442. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241052. PMID 19806511. S2CID 9479359.
• Munier, Pierre; Gordeyeva, Korneliya; Bergström, Lennart; Fall, Andreas B. (9 May 2016). "Directional Freezing of Nanocellulose Dispersions Aligns the Rod-Like Particles and Produces Low-Density and Robust Particle Networks". Biomacromolecules. 17 (5): 1875–1881. doi:10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00304. PMID 27071304.
• Bahari, Liat; Bein, Amir; Yashunsky, Victor; Braslavsky, Ido (15 February 2018). "Directional freezing for the cryopreservation of adherent mammalian cells on a substrate". PLOS ONE. 13 (2): e0192265. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1392265B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192265. PMC 5813933. PMID 29447224.
• El Kadi, Khadije; Adeyemi, Idowu; Janajreh, Isam (December 2021). "Application of directional freezing for seawater desalination: Parametric analysis using experimental and computational methods". Desalination. 520: 115339. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2021.115339. S2CID 239073390.
• Zhang, Tongxin; Wang, Lilin; Wang, Zhijun; Li, Junjie; Wang, Jincheng (28 January 2021). "Single Ice Crystal Growth with Controlled Orientation during Directional Freezing". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 125 (3): 970–979. arXiv:2012.04183. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11028. PMID 33459018. S2CID 227737465.
• Ortner, Teresa S. (December 2022). "Bi-directional freezing affords elastic and durable artificial tooth enamel". Communications Chemistry. 5 (1): 50. doi:10.1038/s42004-022-00663-x. PMC 9814660. PMID 36697685. S2CID 247924578.
• Li, Xiaolong; Ling, Shangwen; Zeng, Li; He, Hanna; Liu, Xingang; Zhang, Chuhong (April 2022). "Directional Freezing Assisted 3D Printing to Solve a Flexible Battery Dilemma: Ultrahigh Energy/Power Density and Uncompromised Mechanical Compliance". Advanced Energy Materials. 12 (14): 2200233. Bibcode:2022AdEnM..1200233L. doi:10.1002/aenm.202200233. ISSN 1614-6832. S2CID 247100187.

References

1. "What to Try When Directional Freezing Doesn't Produce Clear Ice". Alcademics. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
2. "What is Directional Freezing?". Alcademics. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
3. "Making clear ice at home with tap water and directional freezing". LiquorLabs.tv. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
4. Whittaker, G. Clay (January 11, 2021). "How to Make Clear Ice at Home for Cocktails". Men's Journal. Retrieved 12 October 2022.
5. Dittrich, Jürgen; Ziegler, Günter (18 January 2017). "Directional freezing EP2877795B1 European Patent Office". Google Patents. Retrieved 13 October 2022.