Demographics of Hong Kong

Demographics of Hong Kong
Population pyramid of Hong Kong in 2020
Population7,503,100 (2024 est.)
Growth rate0.4% (2024 est.)
Birth rate4.43 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy83.61 years
 • male80.91 years
 • female86.46 years (2022 est.)
Fertility rate0.75 children born/woman (2023 est.)
Infant mortality rate2.55 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate1.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years13.04% (male 495,977/female 454,723)
15–64 years66.02% (male 2,164,667/female 2,646,774)
65 and over20.94% (male 706,761/female 819,265) (2023 est.)[1]
Sex ratio
Total0.86 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.06 male(s)/female
Under 151.09 male(s)/female
65 and over0.71 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityHongkongers
Major ethnicCantonese people
Language
OfficialCantonese (88.9%), English (4.3%), Mandarin (1.9%)

Demographic features of the population of Hong Kong include population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, religious affiliations, and other aspects.

Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with an overall density of some 6,300 people per square kilometre.[2] At the same time, Hong Kong has one of the world's lowest birth rates—0.68 per woman of child-bearing age as of 2022, far below the replacement rate of 2.1. It is estimated that 26.8% of the population will be aged 65 or more in 2033, up from 12.1% in 2005. Hong Kong recorded a crude birth rate of 8.2 per 1,000 people on average annually in 2005–2010.[3]

Ethnically, Hong Kong mainly consists of Chinese who constitute approximately 92% of the population.[4][5] Of these, many originate from various regions in Guangdong. There are also a number of descendants of immigrants from elsewhere in Southern China during and after the Chinese Civil War.

Terminology

Main article: Hongkongers

People from Hong Kong generally refer to themselves, in Cantonese, as Hèung Góng Yàhn (Chinese: 香港人; Cantonese Yale: Hèung Góng Yàhn; lit. 'Hong Kong people'); however, the term is not restricted to those of Chinese descent, owing to Hong Kong's roughly 160-year colonial history that saw the civil servants and traders of British, Indian, Russian and other ethnic groups stationed in Hong Kong.

In English, the term 'Hongkongers' (or sometimes 'Hong Kongers') is also used to refer to Hong Kongese people, while the term 'Hongkongese' is sometimes used as an adjective to describe people or things related to Hong Kong.[6][7]


Population size and structure

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1841 7,450—    
1851 32,983+16.04%
1861 119,320+13.72%
1871 120,124+0.07%
1881 160,402+2.93%
1891 221,441+3.28%
1901 368,987+5.24%
1911 456,739+2.16%
1921 625,166+3.19%
1931 840,473+3.00%
1941 1,639,000+6.91%
1945 600,000−22.22%
1951 2,070,000+22.92%
1961 3,128,648+4.22%
1971 3,936,630+2.32%
1981 5,183,400+2.79%
1991 5,752,000+1.05%
2001 6,714,300+1.56%
2011 7,071,600+0.52%
2021 7,413,070+0.47%
Sources: Census and Statistics Department,[8][9][10][11] CICRED,[12] Office for National Statistics[13]

The following census data is available for Hong Kong between the years 1841–2011. In 2011, Hong Kong had a population of just over 7 million, with a density of approximately 6,300 people per square kilometer. This makes Hong Kong the fourth most densely populated region in the world, after Macau, Monaco, and Singapore.[2]

Population graph of Hong Kong

Age groups

United Nations data

According to United Nations estimates from 1 July 2013, Hong Kong's population is distributed in the following age ranges, with the largest age group represented being 50–54 years:[14]

Population, fertility rate and net reproduction rate, United Nations estimates
Age group Male Female Total %
Total 3,330,700 3,856,800 7,187,500 100
0–4 134,500 125,700 260,200 3.62
5–9 128,000 120,200 248,200 3.45
10–14 149,100 139,600 288,700 4.02
15–19 208,000 196,300 404,300 5.63
20–24 226,400 230,700 457,100 6.36
25–29 221,800 295,800 517,600 7.20
30–34 231,900 343,200 575,100 8.00
35–39 229,500 331,000 560,500 7.80
40–44 239,800 338,700 578,500 8.05
45–49 271,000 337,900 608,900 8.47
50–54 313,500 341,100 654,600 9.11
55–59 281,300 287,900 569,200 7.92
60–64 220,000 223,100 443,100 6.16
65–69 148,800 146,400 295,200 4.11
70–74 109,600 103,700 213,300 2.97
75–79 100,600 109,900 210,500 2.93
80–84 69,500 88,400 157,900 2.20
85+ 47,400 97,200 144,600 2.01
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 411,600 385,500 797,100 11.09
15–64 2,443,200 2,925,700 5,368,900 74.70
65+ 475,900 545,600 1,021,500 14.21

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020):[15]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 3 416 300 4 065 500 7 481 800 100
0–4 137 400 127 400 264 800 3.54
5–9 154 600 144 800 299 400 4.00
10–14 154 400 150 700 305 100 4.08
15–19 140 100 133 500 273 600 3.66
20–24 192 600 191 900 384 500 5.14
25–29 224 600 257 300 481 900 6.44
30–34 229 800 320 400 550 200 7.35
35–39 237 500 369 300 606 800 8.11
40–44 226 300 343 500 569 800 7.62
45–49 241 500 339 700 581 200 7.77
50–54 241 400 315 400 556 800 7.44
55–59 301 200 343 300 644 500 8.61
60–64 292 400 299 000 591 400 7.90
65–69 223 200 229 900 453 100 6.06
70–74 165 200 171 500 336 700 4.50
75–79 95 100 95 200 190 300 2.54
80–84 79 900 94 000 173 900 2.32
85+ 79 100 138 700 217 800 2.91
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 446 400 422 900 869 300 11.62
15–64 2 327 400 2 913 300 5 240 700 70.05
65+ 642 500 729 300 1 371 800 18.34

Hong Kong government data

The Hong Kong government provides the following estimates for mid-2013:[16]

age percentage males females
0–14 years 11.0% 408,000 382,600
15–24 years 11.7% 424,500 417,900
25–34 years 15.2% 454,900 639,700
35–44 years 15.9% 471,500 671,800
45–54 years 17.7% 587,900 681,700
55–64 years 14.2% 503,700 512,600
65 and over 14.3% 479,500 547,700
Median age: 45.0 (2013 est.)

Vital statistics

The following table shows birth rates and mortality rates in Hong Kong between 1950 and 2023.[17][18][19]

At the end of the 20th century, Hong Kong had one of the lowest birth rates in the world. However, the number of births doubled in the decade between 2001 and 2011, largely due to an increase in the number of children born in Hong Kong to women with residence in mainland China. In 2001 there were 7,810 births to Mainland women (16%) out of a total of 48,219 births. By 2009 it increased to 37,253 births to Mainland women (45%) out of a total of 82,095 births.[20]

Registered births and deaths

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1,000) Crude death rate (per 1,000) Natural change (per 1,000) TFR
1950 1,974,000 60,600 18,465 42,135 30.7 9.4 21.3
1951 2,044,000 68,500 20,580 47,920 34.0 10.2 23.8
1952 2,141,000 71,976 19,459 52,517 33.9 9.2 24.7
1953 2,253,000 75,544 18,300 57,244 33.7 8.2 25.5
1954 2,371,000 83,317 19,283 64,034 35.2 8.2 27.1
1955 2,490,000 90,511 19,080 71,431 36.3 7.7 28.7
1956 2,607,000 96,746 19,295 77,451 37.0 7.4 29.6
1957 2,721,000 97,834 19,365 78,469 35.8 7.1 28.7
1958 2,834,000 106,624 20,554 86,070 37.4 7.2 30.2
1959 2,951,000 104,579 20,250 84,329 35.2 6.8 28.4
1960 3,075,000 110,667 19,146 91,521 36.1 6.2 29.9 5.014
1961 3,207,000 108,726 18,738 89,988 34.3 5.9 28.4 5.030
1962 3,344,000 119,166 20,933 98,233 36.1 6.3 29.7 4.980
1963 3,477,000 118,413 20,340 98,073 34.6 5.9 28.7 4.857
1964 3,596,000 111,436 18,657 92,779 31.8 5.3 26.5 4.665
1965 3,692,000 106,362 18,160 88,202 29.6 5.0 24.5 4.422
1966 3,763,000 96,436 19,261 77,175 26.6 5.3 21.3 4.152
1967 3,812,000 94,368 20,234 74,134 25.3 5.4 19.9 3.887
1968 3,850,000 83,641 19,444 64,197 22.0 5.1 16.9 3.649
1969 3,889,000 82,482 19,256 63,226 21.3 5.0 16.4 3.448
1970 3,942,000 79,132 19,996 59,136 20.0 5.1 14.9 3.284
1971 4,009,000 79,789 20,374 59,415 19.7 5.0 14.7 3.459
1972 4,088,000 80,344 21,397 58,947 19.5 5.2 14.3 3.315
1973 4,180,000 82,252 21,251 61,001 19.5 5.0 14.5 3.177
1974 4,283,000 83,589 21,879 61,710 19.3 5.1 14.3 2.967
1975 4,396,000 79,790 21,591 58,168 17.9 4.9 13.0 2.666
1976 4,519,000 78,511 22,628 55,883 17.4 5.1 12.3 2.480
1977 4,652,000 80,022 23,331 56,691 17.5 5.1 12.4 2.376
1978 4,788,000 80,957 23,816 57,141 17.3 5.1 12.2 2.272
1979 4,919,000 81,975 25,110 56,865 16.8 5.1 11.7 2.120
1980 5,039,000 85,290 24,995 60,295 17.0 4.9 12.1 2.047
1981 5,145,000 86,751 24,822 61,929 16.8 4.8 12.0 1.933
1982 5,239,000 86,120 25,384 60,736 16.4 4.8 11.5 1.860
1983 5,322,000 83,293 26,512 56,781 15.6 5.0 10.6 1.722
1984 5,394,000 77,297 25,510 51,787 14.4 4.7 9.7 1.559
1985 5,456,000 76,126 25,248 50,878 14.0 4.6 9.3 1.491
1986 5,508,000 71,620 25,902 45,718 13.0 4.7 8.3 1.367
1987 5,551,000 69,958 26,916 43,042 12.6 4.8 7.8 1.311
1988 5,592,000 75,412 27,659 47,753 13.4 4.9 8.5 1.400
1989 5,641,000 69,621 28,745 40,876 12.3 5.1 7.2 1.296
1990 5,704,000 67,731 29,136 38,595 12.0 5.1 6.9 1.272
1991 5,786,000 68,281 28,429 39,852 12.0 4.9 7.1 1.281
1992 5,884,000 70,949 30,550 40,399 12.3 5.2 7.1 1.347
1993 5,992,000 70,451 30,571 39,880 12.0 5.1 6.9 1.342
1994 6,101,000 71,646 29,905 41,741 11.9 4.9 7.0 1.355
1995 6,206,000 68,637 31,468 37,169 11.2 5.1 6.1 1.295
1996 6,304,000 63,291 32,176 31,115 9.9 5.1 4.8 1.191
1997 6,492,000 59,250 31,738 27,512 9.1 4.9 4.2 1.127
1998 6,550,000 52,977 32,847 20,130 8.1 5.0 3.1 1.016
1999 6,611,000 51,281 33,255 18,026 7.8 5.0 2.7 0.981
2000 6,675,000 54,134 33,758 20,376 8.1 5.1 3.1 1.032
2001 6,721,000 48,219 33,378 14,841 7.2 5.0 2.2 0.931
2002 6,728,000 48,209 34,267 13,942 7.1 5.1 2.0 0.941
2003 6,745,000 46,965 36,971 9,994 7.0 5.5 1.5 0.901
2004 6,781,000 49,796 36,918 12,878 7.3 5.4 1.9 0.922
2005 6,818,000 57,098 38,830 18,268 8.4 5.7 2.7 0.959
2006 6,871,000 65,626 37,457 28,169 9.6 5.5 4.1 0.984
2007 6,921,000 70,875 39,476 31,399 10.2 5.7 4.5 1.028
2008 6,951,000 78,822 41,796 37,026 11.3 6.0 5.3 1.064
2009 6,980,000 82,095 41,175 40,920 11.8 5.9 5.9 1.055
2010 7,024,000 88,584 42,194 46,390 12.6 6.0 6.6 1.127
2011 7,072,000 95,451 42,346 53,105 13.5 5.9 7.6 1.204
2012 7,155,000 91,558 43,917 47,641 12.8 6.1 6.7 1.285
2013 7,187,000 57,084 43,397 13,687 7.9 6.0 1.9 1.125
2014 7,242,000 62,305 45,087 17,218 8.6 6.2 2.4 1.235
2015 7,306,000 59,878 46,108 13,770 8.2 6.3 1.9 1.196
2016 7,337,000 60,856 46,905 13,951 8.3 6.4 1.9 1.205
2017 7,410,000 56,548 46,829 9,719 7.7 6.3 1.4 1.125
2018 7,451,000 53,716 47,400 6,316 7.2 6.3 0.9 1.080
2019 7,507,400 52,856 48,957 3,899 7.0 6.5 0.5 1.064
2020 7,481,800 43,031 50,666 -7,635 5.8 6.8 -1.0 0.883
2021 7,413,100 36,953 51,354 -14,401 5.0 6.9 -1.9 0.772
2022 7,346,100 32,512 62,100 -29,488 4.4 8.4 -4.0 0.701
2023 7,498,100 33,288 56,776 -23,488 4.4 7.6 -3.2 0.751

Death rates by leading causes of death

No. of deaths per 100,000 population by leading causes of death (based on ICD 10th revision).[21] Red: increased compared with 2001.
Cause of death 2001 2011 2021
1. Malignant neoplasms 169.9 187.2 203.8
2. Pneumonia 45.1 87.8 132.6
3. Diseases of heart 70 89.6 89
4. Cerebrovascular 46.6 47.2 42.2
5. External causes of
morbidity and mortality		 27.5 22.2 26.7
6. Nephritis, nephrotic
syndrome and nephrosis		 15.7 21.8 24
7. Dementia 3.8 10.6 20.2
8. Septicaemia 6.3 10.8 16.8
9. Chronic lower
respiratory diseases		 31.5 27.8 14.3
10. Diabetes mellitus 10.1 6.5 7.4
All other causes 69.7 85 118.1
All causes 496 596.6 695.2

Life expectancy

Hong Kong is the territory with the world's highest life expectancy according to the United Nations.

Period Life expectancy in
years 		Period Life expectancy in
years
1950–1955 63.1 1985–1990 77.0
1955–1960 65.9 1990–1995 78.1
1960–1965 68.8 1995–2000 80.0
1965–1970 70.9 2000–2005 81.4
1970–1975 72.5 2005–2010 82.4
1975–1980 73.7 2010–2015 83.4
1980–1985 75.6

Source: UN World Population Prospects[22]

Marriage and fertility

According to The World Factbook in 2006, the average marriage age in Hong Kong was 30 years for males and 27 years for females, and the population was subdivided into the following categories:

Marital status

Married
57.8%
 3,423,995
Never married
32%
 1,920,522
Divorced
3.2%
 189,563
Separated
0.6%
 34,722

Ethnicity

According to Hong Kong census data more than 90% of the population are Chinese. The largest minority are Filipino with over 200,000 in 2021, almost doubled since 2006. Other minorities include Indonesians, Indians, Nepalese and Whites.

Census data from 2006, 2011, 2016 and 2021.[23]
Ethnic
group 		2006 By-census 2011 Census 2016 By-census 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number %
Chinese 6,522,148
95.0%
 6,620,393
93.6%
 6,752,202
92.0%
 6,793,502
91.6%
Filipino 112,453
1.6%
 133,018
1.9%
 184,081
2.5%
 201,291
2.7%
Indonesian 87,840
1.3%
 133,377
1.9%
 153,299
2.1%
 142,065
1.9%
White 36,384
0.5%
 55,236
0.8%
 58,209
0.8%
 61,582
0.8%
Indian 20,444
0.3%
 28,616
0.4%
 36,462
0.5%
 42,569
0.6%
Nepalese 15,950
0.2%
 16,518
0.2%
 25,472
0.3%
 29,701
0.4%
Pakistani 11,111
0.2%
 18,042
0.3%
 18,094
0.2%
 24,385
0.3%
Thai 11,900
0.2%
 11,213
0.2%
 10,215
0.1%
 12,972
0.2%
Japanese 13,189
0.2%
 12,580
0.2%
 9,976
0.1%
 10,291
0.1%
Other Asian 12,663
0.2%
 12,247
0.2%
 19,589
0.3%
 10,574
0.1%
Others 20,264
0.3%
 30,336
0.4%
 68,986
0.9%
 70,124
0.9%
Total 6,864,346 7,071,576 7,336,585 7,413,070

Chinese

Ethnic groups in Hong Kong (2021)[23][24]
Ethnic groups (alone)
Chinese
 
 91.6%
Filipino
 
 2.7%
Indonesian
 
 1.9%
South Asians
 
 1.4%
Other
 
 3%

Historically, the major Chinese groups in Hong Kong include the Punti, Hakka, Cantonese (including Toishanese), Hoklo,[25] and Tanka.[26] The Punti, and Tanka people in Hong Kong are largely descendants of the indigenous population, while the Hakka and Hoklo groups are composed of both indigenous groups and more recent migrants.

Most Teochew-speaking migrants immigrated to Hong Kong between the late 1940s and early 1970s, while migrants from Fujian (previously Southern Min speakers, and increasingly more Central Min and Northern Min speakers) have constituted a growing number of migrants since 1978.[27] Many Taishanese and Cantonese also migrated after 1949.

According to the 2016 by-census, 92% of the Hong Kong population belongs to a Chinese ethnicity.[4] The Hong Kong census does not currently categorise Han Chinese subgroups nor does it differentiate other Chinese ethnicities, although in the past the census would collect information on language and dialect use.[28] However, the majority of Hongkongers of Chinese descent trace their ancestry to various parts of Southern China: the Guangzhou area, followed by Siyi (Toishanese people), Chaoshan (a region of Eastern Guangdong home to Teochew speakers), Fujian, and Shanghai.[29] Some Cantonese people also originate from Hakka-speaking villages in the New Territories.[30]

Stanley Market

Ethnic minorities

8% of the population of Hong Kong are categorised as "ethnic minorities", including a large number of Filipinos and Indonesians, who together make up approximately 4.6% of the population.[31][32][33] However, the majority of the Filipinos and Indonesians population are short-termed foreign domestic helpers. After excluding foreign domestic helpers, the number of ethnic minorities was 263,593 in 2016, making up 3.6% of the whole Hong Kong population.[34]

Circa 2018 there were about 2,000 people of African origins with about 800–1,000 in Yuen Long.[35] Chungking Mansions is another area of settlement and employment. Some Africans seeking to asylum travelled to Hong Kong as of June 2020.[36] According to Lingnan University professor Lisa Leung Yuk-ming, African settlement began in the 1990s. The Hong Kong African Association (香港非洲人協會) is an ethnic association for those people.[37]

A Thai community began in Hong Kong when Thai women travelled with their husbands, of Chaozhou (Chiu Chow) origin, to Hong Kong in the 1970s. In 2016, Hong Kong had about 10,215 Thai residents, with around 33% residing in Kowloon City.[38]

Nationality

Due to its history as trading, business, and tourism hub, a large number of expatriates live in Hong Kong, representing 8% of the population.[39] The following lists ethnic groups with significant presence in Hong Kong in alphabetical order by category:

Language

Main article: Languages of Hong Kong

As a former British colony, Hong Kong has 2 official languages: English, and Chinese, although the specific variety of Chinese is not specified. The majority of the population uses Cantonese as their usual spoken language. However, due to Hong Kong's role as an international trade and finance hub, there are also a wide variety of minority groups speaking dozens of languages present in the territory.

Language usually spoken at home (5+) 1961[12] 1971[12] 1991[40] 1996[41] 2001[42] 2006[43] 2011[43] 2016[43] 2021[39]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Cantonese 2,076,200 78.9 3,469,200 88.1 4,583,322 88.6 5,196,240 88.7 5,726,972 89.2 6,030,960 90.8 6,095,213 89.5 6,264,700 88.9 6,382,947 88.2
Mandarin 503,000 19.1 405,100 10.2 57,577 1.1 65,892 1.1 55,410 0.9 60,859 0.9 94,399 1.4 131,406 1.9 165,541 2.3
Other Chinese languages 364,694 7.1 340,222 5.8 352,562 5.5 289,027 4.4 273,745 4.0 221,247 3.1 204,571 2.8
English 31,800 1.2 41,100 1.1 114,084 2.2 184,308 3.1 203,598 3.2 187,281 2.8 238,288 3.5 300,417 4.3 330,782 4.6
Other languages 17,900 0.8 21,200 0.6 49,232 1.0 73,879 1.3 79,197 1.2 72,217 1.1 106,788 1.6 131,199 1.9 149,376 2.1
Total 2,628,900 3,936,600 5,168,909 5,860,541 6,417,739 6,640,344 6,808,433 7,048,969 7,179,127

However, a very large proportion of the population in Hong Kong are able to communicate in multiple languages. The school system is separated into English-medium and Chinese-medium school, both of which teach English and Mandarin.

Proportion of population (5+) able to speak selected languages[43]
2006[43] 2011[43] 2016[43] 2021[39]
% % % %
Cantonese
96.5%
95.8%
94.6%
93.7%
English
44.7%
46.1%
53.2%
58.7%
Mandarin
40.2%
47.8%
48.6%
54.2%
Hakka
4.7%
4.7%
4.2%
3.6%
Hokkien
3.4%
3.5%
3.6%
3.1%
Tagalog
1.4%
1.7%
2.7%
2.8%
Chiu Chow
3.9%
3.8%
3.4%
2.8%
Bahasa Indonesia
1.7%
2.4%
2.7%
2.5%
Japanese
1.2%
1.5%
1.8%
2.1%
Shanghainese
1.2%
1.1%
1.1%
0.8%

Religion

Main article: Religion in Hong Kong

Religion in Hong Kong (2016)[44]

  No religion (54.3%)
  Organised Buddhism and Taoism (27.9%)
  Protestantism (6.7%)
  Catholicism (5.3%)
  Islam (4.2%)
  Hinduism (1.4%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)
The Tian Tan Buddha on Lantau Island.
People honouring gods in a dajiao celebration, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival.

Over half of all people (56.1% as of 2010) are not religious.[45] Religious people in Hong Kong follow a diverse range of religions, among which Taoist and Buddhist (specifically Chinese Buddhism) faiths are common for people of Chinese descent.

Confucian beliefs are popular in Hong Kong, but it is arguable whether Confucianism can be considered as a religion.[46] As such, Confucianism is excluded in some studies.[45]

The Christian beliefs of Protestantism (with 500,000 members) and Catholicism (401,000 members) are also common, as well as non-organised Chinese folk religions, whose followers may state that they are not religious.

Traditional religions including Chinese Buddhism were discouraged under British rule, which officially represented Christianity.[47] The handover of sovereignty from Britain to China has led to a resurgence of Buddhist and Chinese religions.[47]

Estimated number of adherents in Hong Kong by religion[48][49]
Region 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2016 2021
Buddhists > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million
Taoists ≈ 1 million ≈ 1 million ≈ 1 million ≈ 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million > 1 million
Protestant 320,000 320,000 480,000 480,000 480,000 ≈ 500,000 500,000 500,000
Catholics 350,000 350,000 353,000 363,000 363,000 368,000 384,000 401,000
Muslims 220,000 220,000 220,000 220,000 270,000 300,000 300,000 300,000
Hindu 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 100,000 100,000
Sikhs 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 12,000 12,000

See also

Demographics and culture of Hong Kong
Demographics
Culture
Other Hong Kong topics
Part of a series on
Ethnicity in Hong Kong

References

  1. ^ "Hong Kong". 21 February 2024.
  2. ^ a b "Population – Overview | Census and Statistics Department". Government of Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  3. ^ glenday, craig (2013). Guinness World Records. Guinness World Records Limited. pp. 121. ISBN 9781908843159.
  4. ^ a b 2016 Population By-census – Summary Results (Report). Census and Statistics Department. February 2016. p. 37. Archived from the original on 20 November 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
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