David Frank Graf

David F. Graf
Born	(1939-12-03) December 3, 1939 (age 85)
Nationality	American
Occupation(s)	Historian, archaeologist, academic and author
Academic background
Education	B.A. B.D. M.A. Ph.D.
Alma mater	Harding College McCormick Theological Seminary The University of Michigan
Academic work
Institutions	University of Miami

David F. Graf (born 3 December 1939), is an American historian, archeologist, academic and author. He is a Professor Emeritus at the University of Miami.^[1]

Graf is most known for his work on the Greco-Roman Near East. His studies on Greek Persian relations stem from his Ph.D. dissertation in 1979 (“Medism: Greek Collaboration with Achaemenid Persia”). He later authored the book Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens.^[2]

Education

Graf graduated from Harding College in 1965 with a BA degree and then pursued a B.D. with honors in Hebrew Bible from McCormick Theological Seminary. Later, he earned an MA degree from the University of Michigan, followed by a Ph.D. from the same institution.^[3]

Career

Graf began his academic career as a Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Michigan from 1982 to 1983 and served at Montana State University as an Adjunct Assistant Professor in the Department of History in 1984. In 1986, he joined the University of Miami's Department of History, where he held various positions, including assistant professor until 1990, Associate Professor from 1990 to 1995, and Professor from 1995 to 2003. Between 2004 and 2022, he served as a professor in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of Miami. As of 2022, he is the Professor Emeritus at the University of Miami.^[1]

Graf served as the Director of the Roman Road Project from 1986 to 1995, the Eastern Desert Epigraphical Survey from 1996 to 2000, the Hellenistic Petra Project from 2004 to 2007, the Joint Saudi-American Jurash Project from 2008 to 2009, and the Ba'aja Excavations in 2017.^[4]

Research

Graf's received the 2003 William Fulbright Scholar Award and the Seymour Gitin Distinguished Fellowship at the Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem. He has authored numerous publications spanning the areas of Greek-Persian Relations, Semitic Epigraphy, and Roman Arabia including books and articles in peer-reviewed journals.^[1]

Greek-Persian relations and Semitic epigraphy

Throughout his research career, Graf has dedicated focus to the examination of Greek-Persian relations. In his early research he analyzed the historical context and significance of the terms Medism for the Greek collaborators (“quisilings”) with Achaemenid Persia during the early fifth century BCE.^[5] In 1995, he provided an analysis of the Persian Royal Road System, beyond the Sardis-Susa segment recorded by Herodotus, utilizing Persiuan travel documents, documentary sources, and archeology to describe the intricate network that stretched across the vast empire.^[6] His investigation into Aramaic's utilization as the lingua franca in the outlying regions of the Achaemenid Empire highlighted indigenous factors in administration.^[7] His work The Satrapy of Arabia has received particular emphasis over the years.^[8]

Graf's studies in Semitic epigraphy has contributed to the study of ancient Semitic-speaking civilizations, their languages, cultures, and interactions. Through his epigraphic surveys in Jordan, he published unrecorded inscriptions in South Arabian,^[9] Nabataean Aramaic,^[10] and Ancient North Arabian languages.^[11] The discovery of lengthy Ancient North Arabian texts in pre-Islamic Arabic in Central Jordan prompted a survey of the neighboring region, leading to the discovery of around 140 previously unrecorded texts, most of which are in the so-called "Hismaic" script.^[12] His most recent work in 2017 presented an account of the identification of a substantial basaltic stone situated in the region of Ma'ayan Barukh, located in Upper Galilee, inscribed with North Arabian graffiti and a fragmentary Aramaic text, that gained attention for its non-Arabian provenance.^[13]

Rome’s Eastern frontier and Nabatea

Graf's research examined the historical, archaeological, and epigraphical aspects of the Nabataean Arab realm centered around Petra, encompassing the examination of the kingdom's legal and religious customs,^[14] as well as its interactions with the Roman Empire. Focusing on the earlier history of the Nabataeans, he presented substantive evidence supporting the existence of the Nabataeans dynasty as early as the third century^[15] and revealed that the account provided by "Athenoduros of Tarsus" regarding the Nabataeans must date a generation earlier than what had been previously assumed.^[16] In collaboration with G. Schmid, he directed excavations in the Civic Center at Petra which resulted in the unearthing of Greek pottery and the earliest Nabataean coins, indicating a prolonged period of established habitation, contrary to the previous understanding and that is supported by the later French excavations conducted in the neighboring site of Qasr al-Bint.^[17][18] Moreover, he investigated the geographical extent of the Nabateans from north of Petra to Damascus, spanning across various regions such as the Judaean Peraia in Transjordan, the Decapolis, and Southern Syria.^[19] Additionally, his research also studied the Arab presence in Egypt, Palestine,^[20] the Aegean^[21] and Italy.

New Greek and Latin inscriptions

Graf has also published some New Greek and Latin inscriptions. This includes some new Latin milestone texts from the Via Nova Traiana and more recently the compilation of a complete epigraphic corpus of Greek and Latin inscriptions translated into English from Agrippa II's reign,^[22] together with some newly discovered Safaitic inscriptions from southern Syria that mention the ruler. In subsequent research, he examined a distinctive new Greek funerary text originating from the northern region of Jordan, which revolved around the return of the mortal remains of a Roman dignitary during the early fourth century, hailing from Anatolia.^[19]

Graf also made contributions to the study of the Syrian oasis of Palmyra, encompassing analysis of its governmental establishments during the period of Roman dominion,^[23] its economic engagements, as well as its uprising against the Roman Empire led by Queen Zenobia. Furthermore, his investigation into the ancient trade route connecting China and Syria, known as the "Silk Road," has provided a review of historical records from the Han Dynasty, as well as Bactrian Documents and Palmyrene inscriptions, substantiating the occurrence of extensive overland trade and exchanges across vast distances.^[24]

Awards and honors

• 1979–1980 – NEH Fellow, American Center of Oriental Research in Amman
• 2003 – William Fulbright Scholar Award for Saudi Arabia^[25]
• 2008 – Member, The Institute for Advanced Study^[26]
• 2017 – Seymour Gitin Distinguished Fellowship, Albright Archaeological Institute of Research^[27]

Bibliography

Books

• Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens (2019) ISBN 9781138353244
• The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 6 vols. New Haven: Yale University of New York: Doubleday (1992) ISBN 9780300140019

Selected articles

• Graf, D. F. (1978). The Saracens and the defense of the Arabian frontier. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 229(1), 1–26.
• Graf, D. F. (1984). Medism: the Origin and Significance of the Term. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 104, 15–30.
• Graf, D. F. (1995). The Via Nova Traiana in Arabia Petraea. The Roman and Byzantine Near East, Archaeological Research, 41–67.
• Graf, D. F., & Zwettler, M. J. (2004). The North Arabian" Thamudic E" Inscription from Uraynibah West. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 335(1), 53–89.
• Graf, D. F. (2006). The Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: The Testimony of Posidippus of Petra. Topoi: Orient-Occident 14, 47–68. Graf, D. F. (2018). The Silk Road between Syria and China. Trade, commerce, and the state in the Roman world, 443–532.
• Graf, D. F. (2021). The Nabataeans. A Companion to the Hellenistic and Roman Near East, 272–283.
• Graf, D. F. (2022), The “Client Kings” of Judaea and Nabataea in the First Century BCE, Strata: Bulletin of the Anglo-Israel Archaeological Society 40, 39–100.

References

1. "David Graf | University of Miami - Academia.edu". miami.academia.edu.
2. Schick, Robert E. (January 5, 1999). "Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens, by David Graf. (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS594) 348 pages. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997. $93.95 (Cloth) ISBN 0-86078-658-7". Review of Middle East Studies. 33 (2): 192–193. doi:10.1017/S0026318400039560. S2CID 164410926 – via Cambridge University Press.
3. "David F. Graf CV" (PDF).
4. News, U. M. "Lost City of Arabia Revealed | News & Events | University of Miami". news.miami.edu. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
5. Graf, David F. (1984). "Medism: The Origin and Significance of the Term". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 104: 15–30. doi:10.2307/630277. JSTOR 630277. S2CID 162284062 – via JSTOR.
6. The Persian Royal Road System in Achaemenid History VIII: Continuity and Change. – World Cat. OCLC 182639623.
7. "Aramaic on the periphery of the Achaemenid realm". www.academia.edu.
8. Graf, David F.; Hausleiter, Arnulf (June 25, 2021). "The Arabian World". In Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Wiley. pp. 529–551. doi:10.1002/9781119071860.ch38. ISBN 9781119174288. S2CID 238844805 – via CrossRef.
9. "Dedanite and Minaean (South Arabian) Inscriptions from the Hisma – DoA Publication Archive".
10. Dabrowa, Edward (January 1, 1994). The Roman and Byzantine army in the East: proceedings of a colloq[u]ium held at the Jagiellonian University, Kraków in September 1992 – via www.academia.edu.
11. "Near Eastern and Arabian Essays: Studies in Honour of John F. Healey. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 41".
12. Graf, David F.; Zwettler, Michael J. (2004). "The North Arabian "Thamudic E" Inscription from Uraynibah West". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (335): 53–89. doi:10.2307/4150069. JSTOR 4150069. S2CID 162185795 – via JSTOR.
13. Graf, David F. (January 2, 2017). "North Arabian and Aramaic texts from Ma'ayan Baraukh in upper Galillee". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 149 (1): 28–43. doi:10.1080/00310328.2016.1208519. S2CID 164251285 – via CrossRef.
14. "Central Jordan Epigraphic Project – David F. Graf" (PDF).
15. Graf, David Franck (July 5, 2006). "The Nabateans in the Early Hellenistic Period: The Testimony of Posidippus of Pella". Topoi. Orient-Occident. 14 (1): 47–68. doi:10.3406/topoi.2006.2144 – via www.persee.fr.
16. "Athenodorus of Tarsus and Nabataea: The Date and Circumstances of His Visit to Petra – David F. Graf" (PDF).
17. "The Hellenistic Petra Project: Excavations along the Paved Street in the City Center, Preliminary Report of the Third Season" (PDF).
18. "Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic period: the literary and archaeological evidence | Topoi". www.topoi.org.
19. Graf, David F. (December 5, 2021). "Rural cults in the Syrian Hauran – F. Mazzilli 2018. Rural Cult Centres in the Hauran: Part of the Broader Network of the Near East (100 BC–AD 300). Archaeopress Roman Archaeology 51. Oxford: Archaeopress. Pp. viii + 208, figs. 43, maps 3, tables 5. ISBN 978-1-78-491954-2". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 935–953. doi:10.1017/S104775942100012X. S2CID 245512191 – via Cambridge University Press.
20. Graf, David. "ARABS IN PALESTINE FROM THE NEO-ASSYRIAN TO THE PERSIAN PERIODS" – via www.academia.edu. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
21. "Arabs in the Aegean in the early Hellenistic period – DoA Publication Archive".
22. Jacobson, David M.; Graf, David F. (July 5, 2019). Agrippa II. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-33181-5 – via www.academia.edu.
23. Graf, David (July 5, 2019). "Palmyra: The Indigenous Factor". Palmyra: The Indigenous Factor: 295–324 – via www.torrossa.com.
24. "The Silk Road between Syria and China – Oxford Academic".
25. "David Graf | Fulbright Scholar Program". fulbrightscholars.org.
26. "David Graf – Scholars | Institute for Advanced Study". www.ias.edu. December 9, 2019.
27. "The W.F. Albright Institute Of Archaeological Research Is Pleased To Announce Fellowship Recipients For Next Academic Year 2017–2018. Congratulations To All!". 28 November 2018.