Dark-sky movement

The dark-sky movement is a campaign to reduce light pollution. The advantages of reducing light pollution include an increased number of stars visible at night, reducing the effects of electric lighting on the environment, improving the well-being,^[1] health^[2] and safety^[3] of people and wildlife,^[4] and cutting down on energy usage. Earth Hour and National Dark-Sky Week are two examples of such efforts.

The movement started with professional and amateur astronomers alarmed that nocturnal skyglow from urban areas was blotting out the sight of stars. For example, the world-famous Palomar Observatory in California is threatened by sky-glow from the nearby city of Escondido and local businesses.^[5] For similar reasons, astronomers in Arizona helped push the governor there to veto a bill in 2012 which would have lifted a ban on illuminated billboards.^[6]

Nocturnal animals can be harmed by light pollution because they are biologically evolved to be dependent on an environment with a certain number of hours of uninterrupted daytime and nighttime. The over-illumination of the night sky is affecting these organisms (especially birds). This biological study of darkness is called scotobiology.^[7] Light pollution has also been found to affect human circadian rhythms.^[8]

The dark-sky movement encourages the use of full-cutoff fixtures that cast little or no light upward in public areas and generally to encourage communities to adopt lighting regulations. A 2011 project is to establish "dark sky oasis" in suburban areas.^[9]

Dark-sky lighting

Dark-sky lighting is a concept important to the dark-sky movement, as it minimizes light pollution. The concept was started in the 1950s by the city of Flagstaff, Arizona.^[10] Flagstaff is a city of over 70,000 people, but because of its effectively controlled lighting, the skies are dark enough to see the Milky Way,^[11] and the light dome over the city viewed from some distance has been measured as less than 10% as bright as that over a similarly-sized city (Cheyenne, Wyoming) that has not sought to protect its night skies.^[12][13] Lights should be shielded on the top and sides so light doesn't go up to the sky and only used when needed (use motion detectors and only the wattage necessary).^[14] To minimize the visual brightness of skyglow and reduce glare and most other biological impacts, amber-colored lighting is critical (such as formerly high- and low-pressure sodium, or now amber LED - see Skyglow#Dependence_on_light_source). The International Dark-Sky Association certifies fixtures as dark sky friendly, and these will have the IDA Fixture Seal of Approval.

Skyglow

Main article: Skyglow

Mexico City at night, showing skyglow bright enough to read a book outside

Skyglow is the illumination of the night sky or parts of it, resembling an orange "smog". It occurs from both natural and human-made sources.^[15] Artificial skyglow is caused by the over-illumination of the sky from large city centres, shopping centres, or stadiums. It consists of light that is either emitted directly upward or reflected from the ground that is then scattered by dust and gas molecules in the atmosphere, producing a luminous background or light dome. These artificial skyglows cause the sky to be up to 100 times brighter in urban areas than a naturally dark sky that is unaffected by artificial light. Natural skyglow can come from natural light sources, such as the Sun, the Moon, the stars, or auroras.

Some communities are becoming aware of this problem and are putting forth efforts to minimize the hazy, orange skyglow. A community in particular is the city of Merritt, British Columbia. An article published July 8, 2010 states that they are making minor changes to lighting in and around Merritt, such as the installment of down-cast lighting to commercial buildings, as part of their light pollution abatement program.^[16] The benefits of this technological change include "saving energy through better focused lights, preserving the environment by reducing excess light that may affect flora and fauna, reducing crime and increasing safety by more adequately illuminating areas, and reducing health risks."^[16]

Scotobiology

Main article: Scotobiology

Scotobiology is the study of the role darkness plays in living organisms. It shows that the interruption of darkness by light pollution creates drastic effects for most organisms, changing their food gathering and feeding habits, their mating and reproduction behavior, or their migration behavior (in birds and insects) and social behavior.^[17] Approximately 30% of vertebrates and 60% of invertebrates are nocturnal, meaning that they depend on darkness. Their everyday behaviors are biologically evolved to adapt in uninterrupted darkness.^[18]

Human health is also adversely affected by the effects of light pollution. Light during nighttime hours has been linked to human cancers and psychological disorders.^[17]

Dark-sky preserves

Main article: Dark-sky preserve

Dark-sky preserves are the main contributors to the dark-sky movement. They are protected areas found mostly in national parks that have a zero light pollution policy set in by the government and, in the US, controlled by the National Dark Sky Association.

As of February 6, 2012, there were 35 formally recognized dark-sky preserves in the world with Canada in the lead containing 15 preserves. These preserves are located in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Other countries that have dark-sky preserves are the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States. A list of designated parks is maintained by the Dark Skies Advisory Group ^[19] of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

The parks are put in place by the Dark Sky Places program with the intention to remind us that the night sky serves just as much importance to our culture and history as our day-time sky.^[20]

International Dark-Sky Association

Main article: International Dark-Sky Association

The International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) began in 1988. A non-profit, it manages the Fixture Seal of Approval program, which offers a third-party rating system judging the "sky-friendliness" of lighting fixtures. Another prominent outreach effort is the IDA Dark Sky Places program, created after a proposal from the Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition in 2001 and the recognition of Flagstaff as the First International Dark-Sky Community in October 2001. IDA now recognizes over 200 Dark Sky Places worldwide. In 2009, the IDA opened an office for public policy and government affairs in Washington, D.C. to inform lawmakers and lobbyists about the energy efficiency of outdoor lighting and to promote the adoption of energy-saving measures.^[21] The IDA advances dark sky awareness and protection through promotion of guidelines developed in collaboration with lighting industry partners (e.g. IESNA).^{[citation needed]} The recently published (2020) Five Principles of Responsible Outdoor Lighting, are:

• Useful: Use light only if it is needed
• Targeted: Direct light so it falls only where it is needed
• Low Level: Light should be no brighter than necessary
• Control: Use light only when it is needed
• Warm -colored: Use warmer color lights where possible

List of groups

• ANPCEN (France)
• Astronomitaly (Italy)
• Campaign for Dark Skies (UK)
• Canadian Geographic (Canada)
• Canadian Scotobiology Group (Canada)
• CieloBuio (Italy)
• Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition
• International Dark-Sky Association
• National Dark-Sky Week (United States)
• Niue
• Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (Canada)

See also

• Bortle dark-sky scale
• SKYGLOW
• Dark-sky preserve
• Noctcaelador

References

1. Summers, J. K.; Smith, L. M.; Case, J. L.; Linthurst, R. A. (June 2012). "A Review of the Elements of Human Well-Being with an Emphasis on the Contribution of Ecosystem Services". Ambio. 41 (4): 327–340. Bibcode:2012Ambio..41..327S. doi:10.1007/s13280-012-0256-7. ISSN 0044-7447. PMC 3393065. PMID 22581385.
2. Chepesiuk, Ron (January 2009). "Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution". Environmental Health Perspectives. 117 (1): A20 – A27. doi:10.1289/ehp.117-a20. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 2627884. PMID 19165374.
3. "Lighting, Crime and Safety". www.darksky.org.
4. "Light Pollution Taking Toll on Wildlife, Eco-Groups Say". news.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on April 19, 2003.
5. "Light Pollution". sites.astro.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
6. AZ Daily Sun: "Astronomers celebrate veto of billboard bill"^{[permanent dead link‍]}
7. "EnviroNews Archives - Scotobiology – The Biology of Darkness". isebindia.com. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
8. http://www.darksky.org/about-ida International Dark Sky Association: About the IDA
9. Atkinson, Nancy (2011-12-11). "A Refreshing Idea! Vote for Enabling City Kids to See Starry Skies". Universe Today. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
10. "Flagstaff's Battle for Dark Skies – Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition". www.flagstaffdarkskies.org.
11. "Save our stars: City seeks to preserve night skies in Fort Collins". Coloradoan.
12. Pipkin, Ashley. "Measuring the color and brightness of artificial sky glow from cities using an all-sky imaging system calibrated with astronomical methods in the Johnson-Cousins B and V photometric systems". ADS-Astrophysics Data System. American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
13. Luginbuhl, Christian. "The Flagstaff Solution". Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition. Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
14. "Outdoor Lighting Basics". www.darksky.org. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
15. http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightpollution/skyGlow.asp Lighting Resource Centre: "What is sky glow?".
16. Loehr, Kaleena (July 8, 2010). "Sky glow burning out?". www.merrittnews.net. Merritt News. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
17. "Light Pollution – conference proceedings" (PDF). www.sampaa.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
18. Scott R. Parker, S. L. (2011). Dark Skies, Bright Minds. Sources of Knowledge Forum, Ontario, Canada, pp. 12–17.
19. http://www.darkskyparks.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=564 Dark Skies Advisory Group
20. http://www.darksky.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=564 International Dark Sky Association: "International Dark Sky Places
21. http://www.darksky.org/about-ida International Dark Sky association: "About the IDA"

External links

• International Dark-Sky Association
• MyDarkSky – dark sky survey maps
• Outdoor Lighting Regulations and Ordinances on Google Earth Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
• Interactive map comparing U.S. dark sky laws
• The dark sky movement – yahoo
• Jasper National Park Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
• Dark-sky parks of the world^{[permanent dead link‍]}
• Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition
• Globe at Night
• Cities at Night
• Dark Skies Awareness Archived 2011-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
• The Consortium for Dark Sky Studies