Cyclorrhapha

Cyclorrhapha
Musca domestica
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Brachycera
Infraorder:	Muscomorpha
(unranked):	Eremoneura
(unranked):	Cyclorrhapha
Sections
Schizophora

Cyclorrhapha is an unranked taxon within the infraorder Muscomorpha. They are called "Cyclorrhapha" ('circular-seamed flies')^[1] with reference to the circular aperture through which the adult escapes the puparium.^[2] This is a circumscriptional name that has significant historical familiarity, but in the present classification, this name is synonymous with the more recent "Muscomorpha".^[3]

Cyclorrhapha underwent major adaptive radiation that led to the creation of over 72 000 species. These species share multiple attributes such as the 360-degree rotation of the male terminalia.^[4]

Cyclorrhapha exhibits significant morphological and molecular diversity, including notable changes in anterior egg development, as exemplified by the role of the exuperantia (exu) gene in Anastrepha fraterculus, a species of great agricultural importance.^[5] Additionally, phylogenetic analyses suggest that the larval structures of Cyclorrhapha have evolved in response to varying food consistencies, reflecting their ecological adaptations.^[6]

References

1. Borror, Donald J.; Triplehorn, Charles A.; Johnson, Norman F. (2009). An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Sixth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Philadelphia. pp. 501, 548. ISBN 978-0-03-025397-3.
2. Borror, Donald J.; Triplehorn, Charles A.; Johnson, Norman F. (2009). An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Sixth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, Philadelphia. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-03-025397-3.
3. Marchiori, Carlos Henrique (30 September 2021). "Study of Diptera species of medical, sanitary, veterinary, and economic importance in Brazil: Bibliographic summary" (PDF). Open Access Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 1 (2): 066–078. doi:10.53022/oarjms.2021.1.2.0032.
4. de Oliveira, Janaina Lima; Sobrinho-Junior, Iderval Silva; Chahad-Ehlers, Samira; de Brito, Reinaldo Alves (11 September 2017). "Evolutionary coincidence of adaptive changes in exuperantia and the emergence of bicoid in Cyclorrhapha (Diptera)". Development Genes and Evolution. 227 (5): 355–365. doi:10.1007/s00427-017-0594-3. PMC 5597691. PMID 28894941.
5. Oliveira, J. L. de, Sobrinho-Junior, I. S., Chahad-Ehlers, S., & Brito, R. A. de. (2017). Evolutionary coincidence of adaptive changes in Exuperantia and the emergence of bicoid in Cyclorrhapha (Diptera) - Development Genes and Evolution. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00427-017-0594-3
6. Rotheray, G. E., & Gilbert, F. (2008). Phylogenetic relationships and the larval head of the lower Cyclorrhapha (Diptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 153(2), 287–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00395.x