Clownfish or anemonefish are fishes that, in the wild, form symbioticmutualisms with sea anemones and are unaffected by the stinging tentacles of the host anemone, see Amphiprioninae § Symbiosis and mutualism. The sea anemone protects the clownfish from predators, as well as providing food through the scraps left from the anemone's meals and occasional dead anemone tentacles. In return, the clownfish defends the anemone from its predators, and parasites.[4] Clownfish are small-sized, 10–18 centimetres (3.9–7.1 in), and depending on species, they are overall yellow, orange, or a reddish or blackish color, and many show white bars or patches. Within species there may be color variations, most commonly according to distribution, but also based on sex, age and host anemone. Clownfish are found in warmer waters of the Indian and Pacific oceans and the Red Sea in sheltered reefs or in shallow lagoons.
In a group of clownfish, there is a strict dominance hierarchy. The largest and most aggressive fish is female and is found at the top. Only two clownfish, a male and a female, in a group reproduce through external fertilization. Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites, meaning that they develop into males first, and when they mature, they become females. They are not aggressive. When the egg production and spawning patterns of eight breeding pairs were observed in a coral reef off the coast of the Philippines, they preferred breeding in the colder months. A trend of a peak breeding season from November through May was seen; egg production increased up to the new moon and decreased after the full moon. This seasonality of spawning is comparable to other species of clownfish that live in temperate regions.[5]
Description
melanistic variation with Stichodactyla haddoniClark's anemonefish in beaded sea anemoneOrange and black variationJuvenile color variation
Clark's anemonefish is a small-sized fish which grows up to 10 cm (4 in) as a male and 15 cm (5+7⁄8 in) as a female.[6][7] It is stocky, laterally compressed, and oval to rounded.
It is colorful, with vivid black, white, and yellow stripes, though the exact pattern shows considerable geographical variation. Usually it is black dorsally and orange-yellow ventrally, the black areas becoming wider with age.[8] There are two vertical white bands, one behind the eye and one above the anus, and the caudal peduncle is white. The snout is orange or pinkish. The dorsal and caudal fins are orange-yellow,[9] and the caudal fin is generally lighter in tone than the rest of the body, sometimes becoming whitish.[10]
Color variations
Clark's anemonefish shows the greatest color variations of any anemonefish, with variations based on location, sex, age and host anemone. Adults in Vanuatu and New Caledonia are orange-yellow with two vertical white bands.[11]Sex related color differences may be present, such as the female having a white caudal fin and the male having a yellow caudal fin.[11] Juveniles are orange-yellow with vertical white bands.[9] Fish living with the host anemone Stichodactyla mertensii, Mertens' carpet sea anemone are frequently black except for the snout bars and tail.[11]
The specific name and the common name both honour the ScottishengraverJohn Heaviside Clark (1771–1836) who provided illustrations for Bennett's A Selection from the most remarkable and interesting Fishes found on the Coast of Ceylon, from drawings made in the Southern part of that Island.[12]
^"Clown Anemonefish". Nat Geo Wild : Animals. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2010. Retrieved 2011-12-19.
^Holtswarth, J. N.; San Jose, S. B.; Montes Jr, H. R.; Morley, J. W.; Pinsky, M. L. (2017). "The reproductive seasonality and fecundity of yellowtail clownfish (Amphiprion clarkii) in the Philippines". Bulletin of Marine Science. 93 (4): 997–1007. doi:10.5343/bms.2017.1010.
^Lougher, Tristan (2006). What Fish?: A Buyer's Guide to Marine Fish. Interpet Publishing. p. 13. ISBN0-7641-3256-3. What size? Males maximum 4 in (10 cm), females maximum 5 7/8 in (15 cm)
^Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (15 August 2024). "Order CICHLIFORMES: Family POMACENTRIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. v. 5.0. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 9 October 2024.
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