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Chinese mountain cat
	Chinese mountain cat in Xining Zoo
Conservation status
	; Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Felidae
Subfamily:	Felinae
Genus:	Felis
Species:	F. bieti
Binomial name
	Felis bieti; Milne-Edwards, 1892
	Distribution of the Chinese mountain cat as of 2022

The Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti), also known as Chinese desert cat and Chinese steppe cat, is a small wild Felis species with sand-coloured fur, faint dark stripes on the face and legs and black tipped ears. It is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau of western China, where it lives in grassland above elevations of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). It has been listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2002.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The scientific name Felis bieti was proposed by Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1892 who described the Chinese mountain cat based on a skin collected in Sichuan Province. He named it Felis Bieti in honour of the French missionary Félix Biet.^[4]

In 2007, it was provisionally classified as a wildcat subspecies under the name F. silvestris bieti.^[5] It has been recognised as a valid species since 2017, as it is morphologically distinct from wildcats.^[1]

The Chinese mountain cat belongs to an evolutionary Felis lineage that is estimated to have had a common ancestor with the Asiatic wildcat (F. lybica ornata) around 1.5 million years ago during the Middle Pleistocene.^[6] Gene flow from Chinese mountain cats to domestic cats (F. catus) in a few areas of the Tibetan Plateau is estimated to have happened between the 1960s and 2000s.^[7]

Characteristics

The Chinese mountain cat has sand-coloured fur with dark guard hairs. Faint dark horizontal stripes on the face and legs are hardly visible. Its ears have black tips. It has a relatively broad skull, and long hair growing between the pads of their feet. It is whitish on the belly, and its legs and tail bear black rings. The tip of the tail is black. It is 69–84 cm (27–33 in) long in head and body with a 29–41 cm (11–16 in) long tail. Adults weigh from 6.5–9 kg (14–20 lb).^[8]

Distribution and habitat

The Chinese mountain cat is endemic to China and lives on the north-eastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. It was recorded only in eastern Qinghai and north-western Sichuan.^[9] It inhabits high-elevation steppe grassland, alpine meadow, alpine shrubland and coniferous forest edges at elevations of 2,500–5,000 m (8,200–16,400 ft). It has not been confirmed in true desert or heavily forested mountains.^[10]

The first photographs of a wild Chinese mountain cat were taken in 2007.^[11] One individual was observed and photographed in May 2015 in the Ruoergai grasslands.^[12] Between autumn 2018 and spring 2019, Chinese mountain cats were documented in an alpine meadow in the southeastern Sanjiangyuan region.^[13]

Ecology and behaviour

The Chinese mountain cat is active at night and preys on pikas, rodents and birds. It breeds between January and March. Females give birth to two to four kittens in a secluded burrow.^[10]

Until 2007, the Chinese mountain cat was known only from six individuals, all living in Chinese zoos, and a handful of skins in museums.^[11]

Threats

The Chinese mountain cat is threatened due to the organised poisoning of pikas. The poison used diminishes prey species and also kills cats unintentionally.^[9]

Conservation

Felis bieti is listed on CITES Appendix II.^[3] It is protected in China by laws such as the Animal Protection Law and the Forestry Law.^[9] It has been listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2002 and is included in the list of National First-Class Protected Animals under the Law of the People’s Republic on the Conservation of Wild Animals since February 2021.^[3]

In July 2023, a Chinese mountain cat was fitted with a GPS collar and released into the wild by the Qinghai Wildlife Rescue and Breeding Center. A five-year-old male was caught in a mouse trap when trying to hunt in a chicken pen. He was sent to the Center in June 2023 to be treated for a leg wound and for rehabilitation.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 15−16.
^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Felis bieti". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 534. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Luo, S.-J.; Han, S.; Song, D.; Li, S.; Liu, Y.; He, B.; Zhang, M. & Yamaguchi, N. (2022). "Felis bieti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T8539A213200674. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T8539A213200674.en. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
^ Milne-Edwards, A. (1892). "Observations sur les mammifères du Thibet". Revue générale des sciences pures et appliquées. III: 670–671.
^ Driscoll, C. A.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Roca, A. L.; Hupe, K.; Johnson, W. E.; Geffen, E.; Harley, E. H.; Delibes, M.; Pontier, D.; Kitchener, A. C.; Yamaguchi, N.; O’Brien, S. J.; Macdonald, D. W. (2007). "The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication" (PDF). Science. 317 (5837): 519–523. Bibcode:2007Sci...317..519D. doi:10.1126/science.1139518. PMC 5612713. PMID 17600185.
^ Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016). "Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)". Genome Research. 26 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1101/gr.186668.114. PMC 4691742. PMID 26518481.
^ Yu, H.; Xing, Y.T.; Meng, H.; He, B.; Li, W.J.; Qi, X.Z.; Zhao, J.Y.; Zhuang, Y.; Xu, X.; Yamaguchi, N.; Driscoll, C.A.; O'Brien, S.J.; Luo, S.J. (2021). "Genomic evidence for the Chinese mountain cat as a wildcat conspecific (Felis silvestris bieti) and its introgression to domestic cats". Science Advances. 7 (26). Bibcode:2021SciA....7..221Y. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg0221. PMC 8221621. PMID 34162544.
^ Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). "Chinese desert cat Felis bieti (Milne-Edwards, 1892". Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 57–59. ISBN 978-0-226-77999-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c He L.; Garcia-Perea, R.; Li M. & Wei F. (2004). "Distribution and conservation status of the endemic Chinese mountain cat Felis bieti". Oryx. 38 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1017/s0030605304000092.
^ ^a ^b Liao Y. (1988). "Some biological information of desert cat in Qinhai". Acta Theriologica Sinica. 8: 128–131.
^ ^a ^b Yin Y.; Drubgyal N.; Achu; Lu Z. & Sanderson J. (2007). "First photographs in nature of the Chinese mountain cat". Cat News (47): 6–7.
^ Francis, S. & Muzika, Y. (2015). "Chinese Mountain Cat in the Ruoergai Grasslands" (PDF). Small Wild Cat Conservation News. 1 (1): II. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
^ Xue-Song Han; Huai-Qing Chen; Zheng-Yi Dong; Ling-Yun Xiao; Xiang Zhao & Zhi Lu (2020). "Discovery of first active breeding den of Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti)". Zoological Research. 41 (X): 341–344. doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.039. PMC 7231468. PMID 32274906.
^ Ma Kexin; Zhang Liping (2023). "全球首例！荒漠猫佩戴卫星定位项圈放归野外" [A world first! Desert cats are released into the wild wearing satellite positioning collars]. People's Daily (in Chinese).