China International Search and Rescue Team

China International Search and Rescue (CISAR) team was a professional heavy search and rescue team responsible for search and rescue during earthquake breakout,^[1] which existed from 2001 to 2018 until it was superseded by the China Search and Rescue team formed by the Ministry of Emergency Management.

The CISAR was run by the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and comprises China Earthquake Administration, National Earthquake Response Support Service Centre, the 82nd brigade of the 82nd Group Army of Chinese People's Liberation Army, and 301 Hospital (or People's Liberation Army General Hospital).^[2] The team had 480 members, and was the first and the only Chinese professional earthquake search and rescue team.^[3][4][5]

History

2003 Boumerdès earthquake. The CISAR was dispatched for search and rescue abroad for the first time.

In 2000, then Vice Premier of the PRC State Council Wen Jiabao proposed the idea for the rescue team.^[6][7]

In December 2000, upon the approval of the PRC State Council and the PRC Central Military Commission, the General Office of the State Council issued the CISAR Construction Scheme and set in motion the creation of the CISAR. Members of the team would be drawn from the China Earthquake Administration, engineer corps of the 38nd Group Army and General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces.^[1][8]

The CISAR team was activated for the first time in 2003 after several years of planning. Initially, the team had roughly 222 members. On 24 February, the team was assigned by the Chinese Central Government to Maralbexi County for search and rescue after an earthquake in Payzawat County, Xinjiang Province.^[1] On 22 May, the day after the 2003 MW 6.8 Boumerdès earthquake, the CISAR flew to the epicentre inBoumerdès Province and rescued one person, marking the first time the team worked outside China's borders.

On 28 August 2004, the National Earthquake Response Support Service centre was set up. It was responsible for onsite search and rescue, material management and onsite monitoring following earthquakes and worked in a support role to CISAR.^[9]

In November 2009, the CISAR passed the Insarag External Classification (IEC) for UN search and rescue organisations and was authenticated as an international heavy search and rescue team. It became the second UN heavy search and rescue team in Asia and the first in China.^[10][11] In 2010, the team expanded its ranks from 220 members to about 480.^[12]

When the Ministry of Emergency Management was created, it established the China Search and Rescue team, which replaced CISAR in 2018.^[13]: 245 As China Search and Rescue, the team is staffed entirely by civilians who are Ministry personnel.^[13]: 245

Search and rescue ability

The CISAR was typically able to arrive at earthquake sites within 48 hours and rapidly gather supplies and carry out rescue operations. Other tasks carried out by the team included setting up reception centres and carrying out heavy search and rescue operations. The team was tasked with assisting people in disaster areas, offering first aid, preventive healthcare, and offering reconstruction services.^[6]

The CISAR participated in more than 20 earthquake and disaster sites around the world, carrying out search and rescue tasks. The team was credited with saving 67 people and clearing 3,000 bodies at various locations. The team also helped find and treat thousands of earthquake victims.^{[10] [1]}

Some of the disasters to which the team responded were:

• 2003 Bam Earthquake^[1]
• 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake^[6]
• 2005 Kashmir Earthquake^[14]
• Wenchuan Earthquake
• 2010 Yushu Earthquake^[14]
• 2010 Pakistan Floods^[15]
• 2010 Haiti Earthquake^{[16] [17]}
• 2011 Christchurch Earthquake^[18]
• 2011 Northeast Japan Pacific Offshore Earthquake^[19]
• 2014 Ludian Earthquake^[20]
• Nepal Earthquake^[21]
• 2017 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake^[22]

The CISAR had access to a variety of equipment, including optical sound wave detectors, infrared detectors, hydraulic pliers, moon lamps, airbags, search and rescue dogs, maritime satellite phones, and more.^[23][24]

The team was equipped with three RW3 large rescue vehicles, three trailer-type container rescue vehicles, several satellite cluster communication vehicles and command vehicles.^[7] The large rescue vehicle was loaded with 280 sets of equipment, including sonic life search instrument, hydraulic power station, gas cylinder respirator, vehicle-mounted generator, etc. Each vehicle could support a detachment of 60 to 70 people.^[25]

The CISAR medical detachment was equipped with a variety of advanced medical equipment and devices.^[26] The CISAR mobile hospital was able to carry out medical aid in six field emergency units, including the command unit, classified disposal unit, critical illness emergency unit, surgical treatment unit, inspection and test unit, and pharmaceutical equipment unit.^[26] According to the experience of the CISAR in earthquake relief, about 80% of disaster victims suffer psychological trauma after strong earthquakes, and the CISAR provided care for those suffering such trauma.^[26]

Staffing

CISAR often used China International Airlines charter flights to perform rescue missions overseas, such as the pictured plane used by CISAR during the 2010 Haiti Earthquake.^[27][28]

The team consisted of experts from the China Earthquake Administration who are responsible for earthquakes, engineering structures, and dangerous goods, liaisons familiar with the UN's rescue affairs, emergency medical personnel from the General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, and professional rescuers from engineer corps of the People's Liberation Army.^[1][7]

The CISAR was under the leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission, with the Joint Meeting of Onsite Working Team Leaders for Earthquake Disasters as the coordinating and managerial body.

In order to conduct professional skill training for rescue team members, the Search and Rescue Centre established a National Earthquake Emergency Rescue Training Base in Fenghuangling, Haidian District, Beijing.^[29] The training base covered an area of 194 acres, and the training ground covered an area of 6,700 square meters.^[29]

The medical personnel of CISAR were dispatched by the Third Medical Centre of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital (301 Hospital), including doctors from departments such as emergency, internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology, laboratory and anaesthesiology, responsible for providing medical services for victims in the earthquake-stricken area, and providing medical protection for rescue team members.^[26] In 2005, the CISAR Mobile Hospital was established. It provided medical personnel with two months of full-time emergency rescue training and exercises every year.^[26]

Further reading

• Chen, Tianping; Wu Min (April 2009). International rescue: Memorandum of China International Search and Rescue Team (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: People's Armed Police Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-80176-278-8. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
• Zhao, Yahui; Zhai Wei (March 2005). Personal experience in a catastrophe: Disaster relief documentary of China International Search and Rescue Team (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: People's Daily Press. ISBN 7-80208-152-1. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
• Chen, Hong (March 2014). Emergency rescue standards and development of earthquake emergency rescue standards (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Seismological Press. ISBN 978-7-5028-4403-5. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
• Wang, Enfu; Huang Baosen (April 2011). Earthquake emergency rescue manual (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Seismological Press. ISBN 978-7-5028-3836-2. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
• Disaster Relief and Emergency Rescue Department of China Earthquake Administration (June 2006). 2003 album for earthquake emergency rescue (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Seismological Press. ISBN 7-5028-2522-3. Retrieved 19 August 2018.

References

1. Wu, Xuejie (2009). "CISAR development history and rescue tasks". Preparation and Improvement of Contingency Plan for Public Health Emergencies and Relief Medicine Development Conference of China Association for Disaster Prevention.
2. Wang, Longgang (10 August 2017). "The first 30 CISAR members went to the earthquake area for search and rescue". PLA Daily-Central War Zone. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
3. Wei, Deyong (27 April 2016). "Historical moment: The CISAR established today on 27 April 2001". China Science Communication. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
4. Hu, Xueqin (16 June 2008). "Unveil the mask of CISAR". Sina News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
5. Wang, Xiaoyi (27 April 2015). "Brief introduction to CISAR". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
6. Zheng, Jingchen (2005). "A discussion of the emergency medical evacuation development of China International Search and Rescue Team". Chinese Critical Care Medicine. 17 (7): 388–390.
7. Xu, Deshi (2011). "Recall on the establishment of China International Search and Rescue Team". City and Disaster Reduction. 3: 7–11.
8. Sun, Zifa (17 May 2011). "CISAR is able to carry out search and rescue in multiple complicated environments". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-14. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
9. Tan, Xianfeng (2004). "China Earthquake Administration set up the National Earthquake Response Support Service". Recent Developments in World Seismology. 12: 35.
10. Wang, Longgang (11 August 2017). "CISAR arrived at Iran earthquake area for search and rescue (image)". Sohu News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
11. Zhou, Nan (14 November 2009). "CISAR was qualified by the UN as a heavy search and rescue team". People.cn (Politics). Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
12. Cai, Wenqing (18 June 2010). "CISAR enlarged more than twice its establishment". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
13. Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
14. Wang, Xiaoyi (28 April 2015). "Overseas tasks of CISAR in 14 years after establishment". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
15. Chen, Hui (14 September 2010). "The second batch of CISAR members set off to Pakistan for search and rescue in the flood-stricken area". Sohu News (Overseas Chinese News). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
16. Keji Ribao (14 December 2010). "CISAR experienced dangers abroad: A glass bottle flied in the dark". Ifeng.com (Military Affairs). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
17. Huang, Xingwei (24 February 2011). "10 CISAR members flied to New Zealand for search and rescue". Ifeng.com (News). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
18. Han, Jitao (13 March 2011). "CISAR accomplished its search and rescue task in New Zealand and came back". CRI Online. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
19. Wang, Xiaoyi (13 March 2011). "CISAR rushed to the rescue in Japan". NetEase News. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
20. Xinhuawang (3 August 2014). "CISAR has been assembled and ready to carry out search and rescue in Ludian County". People.cn (News). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
21. Zhang, Su (8 May 2015). "CISAR successfully accomplished its search and rescue mission in magnitude-8.1 Nepal earthquake". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
22. Zhai, Wei (8 May 2015). "CISAR successfully accomplished its search and rescue mission in magnitude-8.1 Nepal earthquake". NetEase News. Archived from the original on 2018-08-15. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
23. Shi, Chen (29 December 2003). "CISAR arrived at Iran earthquake area for search and rescue (image)". Enorth.com. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
24. Wang, Yi (28 February 2003). "CISAR used its 'secret weapon' to rescue Xinjiang disaster area". Eastday News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2005. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
25. Wang, Nan (16 June 2010). "A visit to CISAR: Reproduce search and rescue scenes at ruin training grounds". Sina News. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
26. Tan, Xianfeng (2006). "Creation and medical practices of China International Search and Rescue Team". China Journal of Emergency Resuscitation and Disaster Medicine. 1 (2): 107–109.
27. Xinhuawang (14 January 2010). "A chartered flight of Air China to Haiti for earthquake search and rescue". Tencent News (Finance and Economics). Retrieved 13 May 2020.
28. Lin, Hongmei (14 January 2010). "The chartered flight of Air China dispatched by Chinese government to Haidi for earthquake relief will arrive on 14 January". Chinese Government Net. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
29. National Earthquake Response Support Service (29 June 2008). "A brief introduction to National Earthquake Response Support Service". National Earthquake Response Support Service. Archived from the original on 2018-08-13. Retrieved 13 May 2020.