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Cerium(III) sulfide
Names
	IUPAC name Cerium(III) sulfide
	Other names Cerium sulfide red; Cerium sesquisulfide; Cerous sulfide; Dicerium trisulfide;
Identifiers
CAS Number	12014-93-6 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	140174;
ECHA InfoCard	100.031.445
EC Number	234-603-7;
PubChem CID	159394;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID30894257 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2Ce.3S/q2+3;3-2 Key: MMXSKTNPRXHINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3];
Properties
Chemical formula	Ce2S3
Molar mass	375.73 g/mol
Appearance	Red/burgundy/black crystals (depending on polymorph)
Density	5.18 g/cm3
Melting point	1,840 to 1,940 °C (3,340 to 3,520 °F; 2,110 to 2,210 K)
Boiling point	decomposes (at 2300 °C)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Solubility	soluble in warm formic or acetic acid; soluble in cold dil. HCl, HNO3 or H2SO4
Band gap	2.06 eV (γ-Ce2S3)
Refractive index (nD)	2.77 (589 nm)
Structure
Crystal structure	orthorhombic (α-Ce2S3); tetragonal (β-Ce2S3); cubic (γ-Ce2S3)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)	126.2 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	-1260 kJ·mol−1
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)	-1230 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Warning
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P261, P280, P305+P351+P338
Related compounds
Other anions	Cerium(III) oxide, Cerium(III) selenide, Cerium(III) oxyselenide
Other cations	Samarium(III) sulfide, Praseodymium(III) sulfide
Related compounds	Cerium(II) sulfide, Ce3S4, Cerium disulfide, Ce2O2S
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Cerium(III) sulfide, also known as cerium sesquisulfide, is an inorganic compound with the formula Ce₂S₃. It is the sulfide salt of cerium(III) and exists as three polymorphs with different crystal structures.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Its high melting point (comparable to silica or alumina) and chemically inert nature have led to occasional examination of potential use as a refractory material for crucibles, but it has never been widely adopted for this application.^[2]

The distinctive red colour of two of the polymorphs (α- and β-Ce₂S₃) and aforementioned chemical stability up to high temperatures have led to some limited commercial use as a red pigment (known as cerium sulfide red).^[3]

Synthesis

The oldest syntheses reported for cerium(III) sulfide follow a typical rare earth sesquisulfide formation route, which involves heating the corresponding cerium sesquioxide to 900–1100 °C in an atmosphere of hydrogen sulfide:^[1]^[4]

Ce₂O₃ + 3 H₂S → Ce₂S₃ + 3 H₂O

Newer synthetic procedures utilise less toxic carbon disulfide gas for sulfurisation, starting from cerium dioxide which is reduced by the CS₂ gas at temperatures of 800–1000 °C:^[2]

6 CeO₂ + 5 CS₂ → 3 Ce₂S₃ + 5 CO₂ + SO₂

Polymorphs

Polymorphs of cerium(III) sulfide
Polymorph	T of formation	Colour	Crystal system	Space group	Lattice constants
α-Ce₂S₃	<900 °C	burgundy	Othorhombic	Pnma (No. 62)	a=7.63 Å, b=4.12 Å, c=15.71 Å
β-Ce₂S₃	900–1200 °C	red	Tetragonal	I4₁/acd (No. 142)	a=15.37 Å, c=20.35 Å
γ-Ce₂S₃	>1200 °C	black	Cubic	I43d (No. 220)	a=8.63 Å

Ce₂S₃ exists in three polymorphic forms: α-Ce₂S₃ (orthorhombic, burgundy colour), β-Ce₂S₃ (tetragonal, red colour), γ-Ce₂S₃ (cubic, black colour).^[1]^[2]^[3] They are analogous to the crystal structures of the likewise trimorphic Pr₂S₃ and Nd₂S₃.^[2]

Following the synthetic procedures given above will yield mostly the α- and β- polymorphs, with the proportion of α-Ce₂S₃ increasing at lower temperatures (~700–900 °C) and with longer reaction times.^[2]^[3] The α- form can be irreversibly transformed into β-Ce₂S₃ by vacuum heating at 1200 °C for 7 hours. Then γ-Ce₂S₃ is obtained from sintering of β-Ce₂S₃ powder via hot pressing at an even higher temperature (1700 °C).^[2]

α polymorph

The α polymorph of cerium(III) sulfide has the same structure as α-Gd₂S₃. It contains both 7-coordinate and 8-coordinate cerium ions, Ce³⁺, with monocapped and bicapped trigonal prismatic coordination geometry, respectively. The sulfide ions, S²⁻, are 5-coordinate.^[5] Two thirds of them adopt a square pyramidal geometry and one third adopt a trigonal bipyramidal geometry.^[6]

Coordination in α-Ce₂S₃^[5]
Cerium Ce1 coordination	Cerium Ce2 coordination	Sulfur S1 coordination	Sulfur S2 coordination	Sulfur S3 coordination

γ polymorph

The γ polymorph of cerium(III) sulfide adopts a cation-deficient form of the Th₃P₄ structure. 8 out the 9 metal positions in the Th₃P₄ structure are occupied by cerium in γ-Ce₂S₃, with the remainder as vacancies. This composition can be represented by the formula Ce_2.667□_0.333S₄. The cerium ions are 8-coordinate while the sulfide ions are 6-coordinate (distorted octahedral).^[5]^[6]

Reactions

Some reported reactions of cerium(III) sulfide are with bismuth compounds in order to form superconducting crystalline materials of the M(O,F)BiS₂ family (for M=Ce).^[7]

The reaction of Ce₂S₃ with Bi₂S₃ and Bi₂O₃ in a sealed tube at 950 °C gives the parent compound CeOBiS₂:

3 Ce₂S₃ + Bi₂S₃ + 2 Bi₂O₃ → 6 CeOBiS₂

This material is superconducting on its own, but the properties can be enhanced if it is doped with fluoride by including BiF₃ in the reaction mixture.^[7]

Applications

Refractory material

Cerium(III) and cerium(IV) sulfides were first investigated in the 1940s as part of the Manhattan project, where they were considered -but eventually not adopted- as advanced refractory materials.^[2] Their suggested application was as the material in crucibles for the casting of uranium and plutonium metal.^[2]^[4]

Although the sulfide's properties (high melting point and large, large negative Δ_fG° and chemical inertness) are suitable and cerium is a relatively common element (66 ppm, about as much as copper), the danger of the traditional H₂S-involving production route and the difficulty in controlling the formation of the resulting Ce₂S₃/CeS solid mixture meant that the compound was ultimately not developed further for such applications.^[2]

Pigment and other uses

The main non-research use of cerium(III) sulfide is as a specialty inorganic pigment.^[3] The strong red hues of α- and β-Ce₂S₃, non-prohibitive cost of cerium, and chemically inert behaviour up to high temperature are the factors which make the compound desirable as a pigment.

Regarding other applications, the γ-Ce₂S₃ polymorph has a band gap of 2.06 eV and high Seebeck coefficient, thus it has been proposed as a high-temperature semiconductor for thermoelectric generators.^[2] A practical implementation thereof has not been demonstrated so far.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Banks, E.; Stripp, K. F.; Newkirk, H. W.; Ward, R. (1952). "Cerium(III) Sulfide and Selenide and Some of their Solid Solutions1". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 74 (10): 2450–2453. doi:10.1021/ja01130a002. ISSN 0002-7863.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Hirai, Shinji; Shimakage, Kazuyoshi; Saitou, Yasushi; Nishimura, Toshiyuki; Uemura, Yoichiro; Mitomo, Mamoru; Brewer, Leo (1998). "Synthesis and Sintering of Cerium(III) Sulfide Powders". Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 81 (1): 145–151. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02306.x. ISSN 1551-2916.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kariper, I. A. (2014). "Synthesis and characterization of cerium sulfide thin film". Progress in Natural Science: Materials International. 24 (6). Elsevier: 663–670. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.10.005. ISSN 1002-0071.
^ ^a ^b Hadden, Gavin, ed. (1946). "Chapter 11 - Ames Project". Manhattan District History. Vol. 4 - Auxiliary Activities. Washington, D.C.: US Army Corps of Engineers.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schleid, Thomas; Lauxmann, Petra (1999). "Röntgenstrukturanalysen an Einkristallen von Ce₂S₃ im A- und C-Typ". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 625 (7): 1053–1055. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199907)625:7<1053::AID-ZAAC1053>3.0.CO;2-Z.
^ ^a ^b Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 766–767. ISBN 978-0-19-965763-6.
^ ^a ^b Tanaka, Masashi; Nagao, Masanori; Matsumoto, Ryo; Kataoka, Noriyuki; Ueta, Ikuo; Tanaka, Hiromi; Watauchi, Satoshi; Tanaka, Isao; Takano, Yoshihiko (2017-10-25). "Superconductivity and its enhancement under high pressure in "F-free" single crystals of CeOBiS2". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 722: 467–473. arXiv:1706.03590. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.125. ISSN 0925-8388. S2CID 119537216.