Cenchrus

For other uses, see Cenchrus (disambiguation).

Cenchrus
Cenchrus longispinus[4]
Cenchrus echinatus burr
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Poales
Family:	Poaceae
Subfamily:	Panicoideae
Supertribe:	Panicodae
Tribe:	Paniceae
Subtribe:	Cenchrinae
Genus:	Cenchrus L. (1753)[1]
Type species
Cenchrus echinatus[2][3] L.
Synonyms[5]
Amphochaeta Andersson (1855) Beckeropsis Fig. & De Not. (1853) Catatherophora Steud. (1829) Cenchropsis Nash (1903) Echinaria Fabr. (1759), rejected name not Desf. 1799 Eriochaeta Fig. & De Not. (1853) Gymnotrix P.Beauv. (1812) Kikuyuochloa H.Scholz (2006) Lloydia Delile (1844), nom. illeg. Odontelytrum Hack. (1898) Penicillaria Willd. (1809) Pennisetum Rich. (1805) Pseudochaetochloa Hitchc. (1924) Raram Adans. (1763) Runcina Allamand (1770) Sericura Hassk. (1842)

Cenchrus is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family.^[3][6] Its species are native to many countries in Asia, Africa, Australia, the Americas, and various oceanic islands.^[7][8]

Common names include buffelgrasses, sandburs, and sand spur. Such names allude to the sharp, spine-covered burrs characterizing the inflorescences of the members of the genus.^[9]

Some botanists include the genus within the related genus Pennisetum.

Species

107 species are currently accepted.^[5] They include:^{[10][11][12][13]}

• Cenchrus abyssinicus (Hack.) Morrone – Ethiopia, Tanzania, Yemen, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
• Cenchrus agrimonioides Trin. – kāmanomano – Hawaiian Islands
• Cenchrus alopecuroides (L.) Thunb.
• Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone
• Cenchrus annuus (Mez) Morrone
• Cenchrus arnhemicus (F.Muell.) Morrone – Australia (Western Australia and Northern Territory)
• Cenchrus articularis (Trin.) M.W.Tornab. & W.L.Wagner
• Cenchrus basedowii (Summerh. & C.E.Hubb.) Morrone
• Cenchrus beckeroides (Leeke) ined.
• Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. – kram-kram – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Madagascar
• Cenchrus brevisetosus (B.K.Simon) B.K.Simon – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland)
• Cenchrus brownii Roem. & Schult. – North America, South America, and West Indies
• Cenchrus cafer (Bory) Veldkamp
• Cenchrus caliculatus Cav. – Australia, New Zealand, and assorted islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans
• Cenchrus caudatus (Schrad.) Kuntze
• Cenchrus chilensis (É.Desv.) Morrone
• Cenchrus ciliaris L. – buffelgrass – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Sicily; naturalized as a nutritious arid pasture lands in parts of North and South America, Australia,^[14] Southeast Asia, and various islands; considered noxious weed in some places
• Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone
• Cenchrus complanatus (Nees) Morrone
• Cenchrus × cupreus (Thorpe) Govaerts
• Cenchrus distachyus (E.Fourn.) Morrone
• Cenchrus distichophyllus Griseb. – Cuba
• Cenchrus divisus (J.F.Gmel.) Verloove, Govaerts & Buttler
• Cenchrus domingensis (Spreng. ex Schult.) Morrone
• Cenchrus durus (Beal) Morrone
• Cenchrus echinatus L. – common sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies; naturalized in parts of Africa, southern Asia, and various islands
• Cenchrus elegans (Hassk.) Veldkamp – Malesia
• Cenchrus elymoides F.Muell. – Australia (Western Australia, Northern Territory, and Queensland)
• Cenchrus exiguus (Mez) ined.
• Cenchrus flaccidus (Griseb.) Morrone
• Cenchrus flexilis (Mez) Morrone
• Cenchrus foermerianus (Leeke) Morrone
• Cenchrus geniculatus Thunb.
• Cenchrus glaucifolius (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Rudov
• Cenchrus gracilescens (Hochst.) Zon
• Cenchrus gracillimus Nash – West Indies and southeastern USA
• Cenchrus henryanus (F.Br.) M.W.Tornab. & W.L.Wagner
• Cenchrus hohenackeri (Hochst. ex Steud.) Morrone
• Cenchrus hordeoides (Lam.) Morrone
• Cenchrus intectus (Chase) Morrone
• Cenchrus lanatus (Klotzsch) Morrone
• Cenchrus latifolius (Spreng.) Morrone
• Cenchrus laxius (Clayton) Zon
• Cenchrus ledermannii (Mez) ined.
• Cenchrus longisetus M.C.Johnst.
• Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fern. – mat sandbur – Canada, USA, and Mexico
• Cenchrus longissimus (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
• Cenchrus × longistylus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Thulin & S.M.Phillips
• Cenchrus massaicus (Stapf) Morrone
• Cenchrus mezianus (Leeke) Morrone
• Cenchrus michoacanus H.F.Gut. & Morrone
• Cenchrus mitis Andersson – Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, and Mozambique
• Cenchrus monostigma (Pilg.) Morrone
• Cenchrus multiflorus J.Presl – Mexico, Central America
• Cenchrus mutilatus Kuntze
• Cenchrus myosuroides Kunth – North America, South America, and West Indies
• Cenchrus nanus (Engl.) ined.
• Cenchrus nervosus (Nees) Kuntze
• Cenchrus nodiflorus (Franch.) Zon
• Cenchrus nubicus (Hochst.) Zon
• Cenchrus occidentalis (Chase) Morrone
• Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone
• Cenchrus palmeri Vasey – Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Arizona
• Cenchrus pennisetiformis Steud. – Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Indian Subcontinent
• Cenchrus peruvianus (Trin.) Morrone
• Cenchrus petiolaris (Hochst.) Morrone
• Cenchrus pilcomayensis (Mez) Morrone
• Cenchrus pilosus Kunth – central Mexico to northern Chile
• Cenchrus pirottae (Chiov.) Zon
• Cenchrus platyacanthus Andersson – Galápagos
• Cenchrus prieurii (Kunth) Maire – Sahara, Arabian Peninsula, Indian Subcontinent, and Myanmar
• Cenchrus preslii (Kunth) ined.
• Cenchrus procerus (Stapf) Morrone
• Cenchrus prolificus (Chase) Morrone
• Cenchrus pseudotriticoides (A.Camus) Voronts.
• Cenchrus pumilus (Hack.) ined.
• Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone – Africa and Oman
• Cenchrus qianningensis (S.L.Zhong) Morrone
• Cenchrus ramosus (Hochst.) Morrone
• Cenchrus rigidus (Griseb.) Morrone
• Cenchrus riparius (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Morrone
• Cenchrus robustus R.D.Webster – Queensland and New South Wales
• Cenchrus rupestris (Chase) Morrone
• Cenchrus sagittatus (Henrard) Morrone
• Cenchrus schweinfurthii (Pilg.) Zon
• Cenchrus setaceus (Forssk.) Morrone – tender fountain grass, crimson fountaingrass – northern Africa and southwestern Asia; naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, and scattered places in Europe and the Americas
• Cenchrus setiger Vahl – Sahara, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, and Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Cenchrus shaanxiensis (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
• Cenchrus sichuanensis (S.L.Chen & Y.X.Jin) Morrone
• Cenchrus sieberianus (Schltdl.) Verloove
• Cenchrus somalensis Clayton – Somalia
• Cenchrus sphacelatus (Nees) Morrone
• Cenchrus spinifex Cav. – coastal sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies
• Cenchrus squamulatus (Fresen.) Morrone
• Cenchrus stramineus (Peter) Morrone
• Cenchrus tempisquensis (R.W.Pohl) Morrone
• Cenchrus thulinii (S.M.Phillips) Morrone
• Cenchrus trachyphyllus (Pilg.) Morrone
• Cenchrus tribuloides L. – sanddune sandbur – North America, South America, and West Indies
• Cenchrus trisetus (Leeke) Morrone
• Cenchrus tristachyus (Kunth) Kuntze
• Cenchrus uliginosus (Hack.) ined.
• Cenchrus unisetus (Nees) Morrone
• Cenchrus violaceus (Lam.) Morrone
• Cenchrus weberbaueri (Mez) Morrone
• Cenchrus yemensis (Deflers) Rudov & Akhani

Formerly included^[10]

Several species are now considered better suited to other genera: Anthephora, Centotheca, Dactyloctenium, Echinaria, Echinolaena, Hackelochloa, Hilaria, Pennisetum, Phragmites, Scleria, Setaria, Trachys, Tragus, Tribolium.

• 
  Sand spur in front of a centimeter scale
• 
  Sandspurs with 1mm markings

See also

• List of Poaceae genera

References

1. "Genus: Cenchrus L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 9 March 1999. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
2. lectotype designated by Green, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 193 (1929)
3. Tropicos, Cenchrus L.
4. Line drawing of Cenchrus longispinus from the USDA PLANTS Database. Source: http://plants.usda.gov/java/largeImage?imageID=ceca6_001_avd.tif Original source: USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 1: 167.
5. Cenchrus L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
6. Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 1049–1050 in Latin
7. Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 552 蒺藜草属 ji li cao shu Cenchrus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 1049. 1753.
8. Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Cenchrus includes photos and range maps for several species
9. "What is a Sandspur anyway?". shelkey.org. 20 October 2008. Archived from the original on 16 August 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
10. "Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
11. "Cenchrus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
12. "GRIN Species Records of Cenchrus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
13. The Plant List search for Cenchrus
14. Henry DR Pasture plants of Southern Inland Queensland. DPI. 1995

• Culbert, D. (19 October 2003). "Sticky Sandspur". UF/IFAS Okeechobee County Extension Service.

External links

• Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Cenchrus". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.