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Names
	Cem bin Meḥemmed Ḫān

Cem Sultan
Cem Sultan
	A modified copy of Cem's portrait by Pinturicchio
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (claimant)
Reign	28 May 1481 − 20 June 1481
Sanjak-bey of Karaman
Reign	1474 – 1481
Sanjak-bey of Kastamonu
Reign	1469 – 1474
Born	22 December 1459; Adrianople Palace, Edirne, Rumelia, Ottoman Empire
Died	February 25, 1495 (aged 35); Capua, Kingdom of Naples
Burial	Muradiye Complex, Bursa, Turkey
Consort	Gülşirin Hatun
Issue	Şehzade Abdullah; Şehzade Oğuzhan; Şehzade Murad; Gevhermelik Hatun; Ayşe Hatun;
Names
Names
	Cem bin Meḥemmed Ḫān
Dynasty	Ottoman
Father	Mehmed II
Mother	Çiçek Hatun
Religion	Sunni Islam
Tughra

Cem Sultan (also spelled Djem or Jem) or Sultan Cem or Şehzade Cem (22 December 1459 – 25 February 1495, pronounced [ˈdʒem sulˈtaːn]; Ottoman Turkish: جم سلطان, romanized: Cem sulṭān; Turkish: Cem Sultan; French: Zizim), was a claimant to the Ottoman throne in the 15th century.

Cem was the third son of Sultan Mehmed II and younger half-brother of Sultan Bayezid II, and thus a half-uncle of Sultan Selim I of Ottoman Empire.

After being defeated by Bayezid, Cem went in exile in Egypt and Europe, under the protection of the Mamluks, the Knights Hospitaller of St. John on the island of Rhodes, and ultimately the Pope.

Early life

Cem was born on 22 December 1459 in Edirne. His mother was Çiçek Hatun. In accordance with the custom for a Şehzade (prince) Cem was appointed to a provincial governorship of Kastamonu in 1469. In December 1474, Cem replaced his deceased brother Mustafa as governor of Karaman in Konya.^[1]

Succession dispute

At the death of Mehmed the Conqueror, on 3 May 1481, Bayezid was the governor of Sivas, Tokat and Amasya, and Cem ruled the provinces of Karaman and Konya. With no designated heir after Mehmed, conflict over succession to the throne erupted between Cem and Bayezid.

Contrary to Islamic law, which prohibits any unnecessary delay in burial, Mehmed II's body was transported to Constantinople, where it lay three days. His grand vizier Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha – believing himself to be fulfilling the wishes of the recently deceased Sultan – attempted to arrange a situation whereby the younger son Cem, whose governing seat at Konya was closer than his brother Bayezid's seat at Amasya, would arrive in Constantinople prior to his older sibling and be able to claim the throne.

However, Bayezid had already established a political network of influential pashas (two of whom were his sons-in-law), the janissaries, and those opposed to the policies of Mehmed II and the grand vizier. In spite of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha's attempts at secrecy, the Sultan's death and the grand vizier's plan were discovered by the Janissary corps, who supported Bayezid over Cem and had been kept out of the capital after the Sultan's death. As a result, the Janissary corps rebelled, entering the capital, and lynched the grand vizier.

After the death of Karamanlı Mehmet Pasha, there was widespread rioting among the janissaries in Constantinople as there was neither a sultan nor a grand vizier to control the developments. Understanding the danger of the situation, former grand vizier Ishak Pasha took the initiative of beseeching Bayezid to arrive with all due haste. In the meantime, Ishak Pasha took the cautionary measure of proclaiming Bayezid's 11-year-old son, Sehzade (prince) Korkut, as regent until the arrival of his father.^[2]

Prince Bayezid arrived at Constantinople on 21 May 1481, and was declared Sultan Bayezid II. Only six days later, Cem captured the city of Inegöl with an army of 4,000. Sultan Bayezid sent his army under the command of vizier Ayas Pasha to kill his brother. On 28 May Cem had defeated Bayezid's army and declared himself Sultan of Anatolia, establishing his capital at Bursa. He proposed to divide the empire between him and his brother, leaving Bayezid the European side. Bayezid furiously rejected the proposal, declared that "between rulers there is no kinship,"^[3] and marched on to Bursa. The decisive battle between the two contenders to the Ottoman throne took place on 19 June 1481, near the town of Yenişehir. Cem lost and fled with his family to the Mamluk Cairo.

In Cairo

The Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy (r. 1468–1496) received Cem with honour in Cairo, and Cem took the opportunity to go on pilgrimage to Mecca, making him the only Ottoman prince to have made the pilgrimage.^[3]

In Cairo, Cem received a letter from his brother, offering Cem one million akçes (the Ottoman currency) to stop competing for the throne. Cem rejected the offer, and in the following year he launched a campaign in Anatolia under the support of Kasım Bey (Qāsım Beğ), heir of the ruling house of Karaman, and the sanjek bey of Ankara. On 27 May 1482 Cem besieged Konya but was soon defeated and forced to withdraw to Ankara. He intended to give it all up and return to Cairo but all of the roads to Egypt were under Bayezid's control. Cem then tried to renegotiate with his brother. Bayezid offered him a stipend to live quietly in Jerusalem but refused to divide the empire, prompting Cem to flee to Rhodes on 29 July 1482.

Imprisonment

Cem Sultan (middle) and Pierre d'Aubusson at a dinner in Rhodes

Knights Hospitaller

Upon arriving at Rhodes, Cem asked the protection of the French captain of Bodrum Castle, Pierre d'Aubusson, grand master of the Knights of St. John, the Latin Catholic order on the island. On 29 July Cem arrived at Rhodes and was received with honor. In return for the overthrow of the new sultan Bayezid, Prince Cem offered perpetual peace between the Ottoman Empire and Christendom if he regained the Ottoman throne. However, Pierre d'Aubusson realized that conflict with Bayezid would be imprudent, so he secretly approached Bayezid, concluded a peace treaty, and then reached a separate agreement on Cem's captivity in March 1483. D'Aubusson promised Bayezid to detain Cem in return for an annual payment of 40,000 ducats for his maintenance.

Therefore, the Knights took the money and betrayed Cem, who thereafter became a well-treated prisoner at Rhodes. Afterwards, Cem was sent to the castle of Pierre d'Aubusson in France.

France

Cem had reached Nice, at that time in the Duchy of Savoy, on 17 October 1482, en route to Hungary, but the Knights were playing for time. After the agreement about his confinement was finalised, he became a hostage, as well as a potential pawn. Those who hoped to use his name and person to foment turmoil in the Ottoman realm included the Mamlūk sultan Qāʾit Bāy, Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, and Pope Innocent VIII. Others, such as the Knights of Saint John, the Venetians, the king of Naples, and Popes Innocent VIII and Alexander VI, viewed his presence in Europe as a deterrent to Ottoman aggression against Christendom and an opportunity for profit. For his part, Bayezid II dispatched ambassadors and spies to the West to assure that his rival was detained indefinitely, and he even attempted to eliminate him through assassination.^[1]

Cem spent a year in the Duchy of Savoy. After the death of King Louis XI of France (30 August 1483), who had refused to accept a Muslim in his lands, the Knights of Saint John transferred him to Limousin (D'Aubusson's birthplace). Cem spent the next five years there, mostly at Bourganeuf. He was well treated, but essentially a captive (a fortified tower was constructed to house him). Bayezid II negotiated both with D'Aubusson, to have Cem returned to Rhodes, and with representatives of the new French monarch, Charles VIII, to have him kept in France. When the king of Hungary and Pope Innocent VIII sought custody of the prince, the Pope prevailed, and Cem arrived in Rome on 13 March 1489.

Rome

Innocent VIII rebuffed overtures from the Mamlūks and prepared to launch a crusade against the Ottomans, but it was postponed when Matthias Corvinus of Hungary died on 6 April 1490. These developments worried Bayezid, who contacted D'Aubusson and also sent Mustafa Bey (later a grand vizier) to Rome, to conclude a secret agreement, in December 1490. The sultan promised not to attack Rhodes, Rome, or Venice, as well as to pay Cem's allowance of 40,000 ducats to the Pope (10,000 of which were earmarked for the Knights of Saint John), in return for the prince's incarceration. Apparently, Cem found life in Rome more pleasant than in France, and he had lost hope of seizing the Ottoman throne, but he wanted to die in a Muslim land. His wish would not be realized.^[1]

Pope Innocent VIII unsuccessfully attempted to use Cem to begin a new crusade against the Ottomans.^[4] The Pope also tried to convert Cem to Christianity, without success. Cem's presence in Rome was useful nevertheless, because whenever Bayezid intended to launch a military campaign against Christian nations of the Balkans, the Pope would threaten to release his brother.

In exchange for maintaining the custody of Cem, Bayezid paid Innocent VIII 120,000 crowns (at the time, equal to all other annual sources of papal revenue combined), a relic of the Holy Lance (which allegedly had pierced the side of Christ), one hundred Moorish slaves, and an annual fee of 45,000 ducats. Much of the costs associated with the Sistine Chapel were paid with funds from the Ottoman ransoms.^[5]

Death

In 1494, Charles VIII invaded Italy, to take possession of the kingdom of Naples, and announced a crusade against the Turks. He compelled Pope Alexander VI to surrender Cem, who left Rome with the French army on 28 January 1495. The prince died in Naples on 24 February. Some accounts attribute his death to poison, but he probably succumbed to pneumonia.^{[citation needed]}

Cem died in Capua, while on a military expedition to conquer Naples under the command of King Charles VIII of France. Sultan Bayezid declared national mourning for three days. He also requested to have Cem's body for an Islamic funeral, but it was not until four years after Cem's death that his body was finally brought to the Ottoman lands because of attempts to receive more gold for Cem's corpse. He was buried in Bursa.^[3]

Legacy

Personality

Cem had two diwans in Turkish and Persian, and he also spoke Arabic.^[6]

Drawings of Cem

A man on horseback, probably Cem, by The Borgia Apartments, by Pinturicchio^[7]
Portrait of Cem Sultan, 1586

Family

Consort

Cem had only one know consort:

Gülşirin Hatun.^[8]

Sons

Cem had at least three sons:

Şehzade Abdullah (executed by Bayezid II, 1481, buried in Orhan's türbe, Bursa).
Şehzade Oğuzhan (executed by Bayezid II, Constantinople, 1482), called also Şehzade Oğuz.^[9]
Şehzade Murad (executed by Suleiman the Magnificent, Rhodes, December 1522), later Pierre Mehmed Sayd; married and had four sons and three daughters.^[10]^[11]

Daughters

Cem had at least two daughters:

Gevhermelik Hatun, called also Gevhermuluk Hatun,^[12] married firstly in 1496 to Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad, son of Qaitbay (d. 1498), married secondly in 1503 to Sinan Pasha Beylerbey of Anatolia;^[10]
Ayşe Hatun,^[13] married in 1503 to Mehmed Bey, son of Sinan Pasha, Sanjak-bey of Ioannina^[12]

Treatments and references

In literature

In the 1490s, a book in Latin was written about Cem's life. It was illustrated by Guillaume Caoursin, vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. It was published in several European cities that possessed printing capability: Venice, Paris, Bruges, Salamanca, Ulm and London. The many illustrations in the book are the first accurately described representations in Western Europe of costumes and weapons of the Turkish people.

An account of Cem's captivity—and of the political machinations that kept him captive—forms the basis of the historical novel, Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort (1872), written by the Haitian writer and political exile, Demesvar Delorme.^[14]

Cem's life also served as inspiration for a character in the book The Damned Yard (1954) by the Yugoslav Nobelist writer Ivo Andrić. It is widely considered to be one of his masterpieces^[15] and has been translated into over 30 languages.^[16] Cem Sultan appears as one of the main characters in a multiple-layered narration and serves as a metaphor for the human condition.

Bulgarian Ottoman historian Vera Mutafchieva, inspired by Cem Sultan's importance in European politics of the 15th century, wrote a novel (The Case of Cem) about him in 1967. The book strives for historical accuracy and has been translated into Turkish, German, Romanian, Polish, Russian, Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, French, Estonian, Greek and Croatian. An English translation by Angela Rodel was published in 2024.

In film

In 1951, was released historical film Cem Sultan, which main protagonist was portrayed by Bülent Ufuk.

In 1969 was released historical adventure film Malkoçoğlu Cem Sultan, which directed by Remzi Aydın Jöntürk, the character of Cem Sultan, was portrayed by Cihangir Ghaffari.

In television

In the Showtime series The Borgias, Cem is played by British actor Elyes Gabel, and is depicted in Rome under the papacy of Innocent VIII's successor, Pope Alexander VI. He is also portrayed to have sought to convert to Christianity, and to have been assassinated by Alexander VI's son, Juan Borgia.
In the Canal+ series Borgia, the character of Cem, played by Nicolás Belmonte, dies from fever when traveling with Cesare Borgia in Charles' campaign against Naples.
In the MBC series Kingdoms of Fire, Cem fought against Bayezid II, then he sought refuge with the crusaders, who agreed to host him in exchange to annual tribute from the Ottoman Sultan.

In video games

In Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Cem was mentioned to possess an Apple of Eden, then he became a Templar acquainted with Rodrigo Borgia, however, he was eventually killed by the Assassins.^[17]

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c Vatin, Nicolas (2011). "Cem". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
^ Finkel, 2006, pp. 81–82.
^ ^a ^b ^c Freely, John (2004). Jem Sultan, The adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. Hammersmith, London: Harper Collins Publishers. p. 145. ISBN 0007150660.
^ Finkel, 2006, p. 87.
^ Duffy, 2006, p. 196.
^ GÜNAY KUT (1988–2016). "CEM SULTAN (ö. 900/1495) Osmanlı şehzadesi.". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
^ Lapina, Elizabeth; Morris, April Jehan; Throop, Susanna A.; Whatley, Laura J. (2015). The Crusades and Visual Culture. Ashgate Publishing. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4724-4926-9.
^ Gök, İlhan (2014). II. Bâyezîd Dönemi İn'âmât Defteri ve Ceyb-i Hümayun Masraf Defteri (Thesis). p. 580.
^ Cem, Hasan (2004). Osmanlı tarihinde katledilen şehzadeler. Geçit Kitabevi. p. 131. ISBN 978-9-757-69989-7.
^ ^a ^b Thuasne, Louis (1892). Djem, Sultan, fils de Mohammed II, frère de Bayezid II, (1459–1495) d'après les documents originaux en grande partie inédits: Etude sur la question d'orient à la fin du XVe siècle. Leroux. pp. 388–9.
^ Caron, Maurice (2010). "4th part". Djem un prince dans la tourmente (in French). Impr. Corlet numérique. Villeurbanne: Les Éd. du Zeugma. pp. Part IV, 5. ISBN 978-2-9534413-3-8. OCLC 758546639.
^ ^a ^b Mustafa Çağatay Uluçay (2011). Padişahların kadınları ve kızları. Ankara, Ötüken. pp. 50 n. 18, 48 n. 14.
^ Güler, Mustafa (2002). Osmanlı Devleti'nde haremeyn vakıfları (XVI-XVII. yüzyıllar). TATAV. p. 132. ISBN 978-9-756-59610-4.
^ Delorme, Demesvar. Francesca: Les Jeux du Sort. Paris: E. Dentu, Libraire-Editeur, 1872.
^ Ivo Andrić Foundation (in Serbian): https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_/%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8/16-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0
^ *Bibliography of Ivo Andrić*, p. 124 ff: https://www.ivoandric.org.rs/images/bibliografija/bai_sep2011.pdf
^ Bowden, Oliver (2011). Assassin's Creed: Revelations. Penguin Group. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-101-57100-2.