Butterfly ray

Butterfly rays
Smooth butterfly ray (G. micrura)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Chondrichthyes
Subclass:	Elasmobranchii
Clade:	Batomorphi
Order:	Myliobatiformes
Family:	Gymnuridae Fowler, 1934
Genus:	Gymnura van Hasselt, 1823
Type species
Gymnura micrura Bloch & Schneider, 1801
Synonyms
Aetoplatea Valenciennes in J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841 Dasyatis Gray, 1851 Phanerocephalus Gratzianov, 1906 Pteroplatea J. P. Müller & Henle, 1837

The butterfly rays are the rays forming the genus Gymnura and the family Gymnuridae. They are found in warm oceans worldwide, and occasionally in estuaries.

The body of butterfly rays is flattened and surrounded by an extremely broad disc formed by the pectoral fins, which merge in front of the head. They have a very short, thread-like, tail.^[1] They are up to 4 m (13 ft) in width.^[2]

McEachran et al. (1996) place the butterfly rays in the subfamily Gymnurinae of the family Dasyatidae,^[3] but this article follows FishBase and ITIS in treating them as a family.^[4][5]

Species

There are currently 12 species in this genus (others are considered synonyms):^[2][6][7]

Diet

These species commonly prey on fish, crustaceans and mollusks.

Spiny butterfly ray (Gymnura altavela)

• Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758) – Spiny butterfly ray
• Gymnura australis (E. P. Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886) – Australian butterfly ray
• Gymnura crebripunctata (W. K. H. Peters, 1869) – Longsnout butterfly ray
• Gymnura japonica (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) – Japanese butterfly ray
• Gymnura lessae (Yokota & Carvalho, 2017) – butterfly ray
• Gymnura marmorata (J. G. Cooper, 1864) – California butterfly ray
• Gymnura micrura (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) – Smooth butterfly ray
• Gymnura natalensis (Gilchrist & W. W. Thompson, 1911) – Backwater butterfly ray
• Gymnura poecilura (G. Shaw, 1804) – Longtail butterfly ray
• Gymnura sereti (Yokota & Carvalho, 2017) – butterfly ray
• Gymnura tentaculata (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) – Tentacled butterfly ray
• Gymnura zonura (Bleeker, 1852) – Zonetail butterfly ray

References

1. Stevens, J. & Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
2. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Gymnura". FishBase. January 2017 version.
3. McEachran JD, Dunn KA, Miyake T (1996). "Interrelationships of the batoid fishes (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)". In Stiassny ML, Parenti LR, Johnson GD (eds.). Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press.
4. Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Gymnuridae". FishBase. January 2006 version.
5. "Gymnuridae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 27 March 2006.
6. Last P, White W, de Carvalho M, Séret B, Stehmann M, Naylor G, eds. (2016). "Supplementary information". The Rays of the World project - an explanation of nomenclatural decisions. CSIRO. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-0-643109131.
7. Yokota L, de Carvalho MR (2017). "Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae)". Zootaxa. 4332 (1): 1–74. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4332.1.1. PMID 29242452.