The species is ovoviviparous and reach sexual maturity at four to six years old. With a low fecundity of three to four pups per litter and a long gestation of six to 12 months (depending on the geographical zone), this species has a very sensitive life history. Very little is known concerning the ecology and behavior of A. bovinus. However, it is part of the coastal marine megafauna, and with a maximum discal width (tip to tip) of 2.22 m (7 ft 3 in), 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in length and weighing up to 116 kg (256 lb),[4] bull rays can be considered as giants of the shallow waters. Their maximum length and very narrow depth range of 0–30 m (0–98 ft) exposes them to various threats. Indeed, large-body, shallow-water species are at greatest risk. Bull rays appear to be extremely rare throughout the Mediterranean region, and its current population trend is highly suspected to be decreasing. Females are larger and heavier than males.
This fish is named the bull ray because of the shape of its head and it is sometimes called the duckbill ray in South Africa for its long, flat, round snout.[4]
Aetomylaeus bovinus is facing various and numerous threats, from fisheries to habitat degradation. As it is a benthic and semi-pelagic feeder, it is by-catch by a large game of industrial or artisanal fishing gear, especially pelagic trawling, bottom trawling, trammel nets, gill nets and spearfishing. Little information is available concerning this species in Africa. However, old literature refers to a discard of 900 t (890 long tons; 990 short tons) per year of bull rays by-caught by shrimp trawlers on the West African coast in 1988 during their late juvenile and sub/adult phase.
Conservation and status
On a global scale, Aetomylaeus bovinus is classified as Critically Endangered.[1] The bull ray is now part of the 53% of elasmobranchs native to the Mediterranean Sea that are at risk of extinction and require urgent action to conserve their population and habitats. Bull rays appear to be extremely rare throughout the Mediterranean region and their current population trend is highly suspected to be decreasing (by 80% during the last 45 years according to IUCN).[1] There are currently no species-specific measures in place. Much research is required on the bull ray's population, size, trend, habitat, ecology, and threats. In order to protect the bull ray, its habitat needs to be protected, its harvest monitored and managed, and implementation of education and awareness programs could be beneficial.[citation needed]
It is found between the surf zone and depths of 65 m (213 ft) or more and also enters estuaries and lagoons.[4] It frequents both the bottom and the surface and sometimes leaps from the water.[4]
The population size, trend, habitat, ecology and dynamic of the species remain unknown, however, like many members of the family Myliobatidae, Aetomylaeus bovinus is a potential migratory species.
^ abWhite, W.T. (2014). "A revised generic arrangement for the eagle ray family Myliobatidae, with definitions for the valid genera". Zootaxa. 3860 (2): 149–166. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3860.2.3. PMID25283197.
^Barrera, Dylan; Dickerson, Caleb; Grano, Bleu; Lambert, John (2011). "Pteromylaeus Bovinus". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
