Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel (/ˈsiːɡəl/; February 28, 1906 – June 20, 1947) was an American mobster[3] who was a driving force behind the development of the Las Vegas Strip.[4] Siegel was influential within the Jewish Mob, along with his childhood friend and fellow gangster Meyer Lansky, and he also held significant influence within the Italian-American Mafia and the largely Italian-Jewish National Crime Syndicate. Described as handsome and charismatic, he became one of the first front-page celebrity gangsters.[5]
Siegel was one of the founders and leaders of Murder, Inc.[6] and became a bootlegger during American Prohibition. The Twenty-first Amendment was passed in 1933 repealing Prohibition, and he turned to gambling. In 1936, he left New York and moved to California.[7] His time as a mobster during this period was mainly as a hitman and muscle, as he was noted for his prowess with guns and violence. In 1941, Siegel was tried for the murder of friend and fellow mobster Harry Greenberg, who had turned informant. He was acquitted in 1942.
Siegel traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he handled and financed some of the original casinos.[8] He assisted developer William R. Wilkerson's Flamingo Hotel after Wilkerson ran out of funds.[9] Siegel assumed control of the project and managed the final stages of construction. The Flamingo opened on December 26, 1946 in a driving rainstorm, resulting in a poor reception and technical difficulties, and it soon closed. It reopened in March 1947 with a finished hotel, but by then his mob partners were convinced that an estimated US$1 million of the construction budget overrun had been skimmed by Siegel's girlfriend Virginia Hill or by both of them. On June 20, 1947, Siegel was shot dead at the age of 41 by a sniper through the window of Hill's Linden Drive mansion in Beverly Hills, California.
Early life
Benjamin Siegel[1][10] was born on February 28, 1906, in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn in New York City, New York, the second of five children of a poor Ashkenazi Jewish family that had emigrated to the U.S. from the Galicia region of what was then Austria-Hungary.[1][11][12] His parents, Jennie (Riechenthal) and Max Siegel, constantly worked for meager wages.[13] As a boy, Siegel left school and joined a gang on Lafayette Street on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. He committed mainly thefts until he met Moe Sedway. Together with Sedway, he developed a protection racket in which he threatened to incinerate pushcart owners' merchandise unless they paid him a dollar.[14][15] He soon built up a lengthy criminal record, dating from his teenage years, that included armed robbery, rape and murder.[16]
During adolescence, Siegel befriended Meyer Lansky, who applied a brilliant intellect to forming a small mob whose activities expanded to gambling and car theft. Lansky, who had already had a run-in with Charles "Lucky" Luciano, saw a need for the Jewish boys of his Brooklyn neighborhood to organize in the same manner as the Italians and Irish. The first person he recruited for his gang was Siegel.[17]
Siegel became involved in bootlegging within several major East Coast cities. He also worked as the mob's hitman, whom Lansky hired out to other crime families.[18] The two formed the Bugs and Meyer Mob, which handled hits for the various bootleg gangs operating in New York and New Jersey, doing so almost a decade before Murder, Inc. was formed. The gang kept themselves busy by hijacking the liquor cargoes of rival outfits,[19] and were known to be responsible for the killing and removal of several rival gangland figures.[20] Siegel's gang-mates included Abner "Longie" Zwillman, Louis "Lepke" Buchalter, and Lansky's brother, Jake; Joseph "Doc" Stacher, another member of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, recalled to Lansky biographers that Siegel was fearless and saved his friends' lives as the mob moved into bootlegging:
"Bugsy never hesitated when danger threatened," Stacher told Uri Dan. "While we tried to figure out what the best move was, Bugsy was already shooting. When it came to action there was no one better. I've never known a man who had more guts."[21]
Siegel was also a boyhood friend to Al Capone; when there was a warrant for Capone's arrest on a murder charge, Siegel allowed him to hide out with an aunt.[22]
On January 28, 1929, Siegel married Esta Krakower, his childhood sweetheart. They had two daughters, Millicent Siegel (later Millicent Rosen) and Barbara Siegel (later Barbara Saperstein).[4] He had a reputation as a womanizer and the marriage ended in 1946.[26] His wife moved with their teenage daughters to New York.
Murder, Incorporated
By the late 1920s, Lansky and Siegel had ties to Luciano and Frank Costello, future bosses of the Genovese crime family. Siegel, Albert Anastasia, Vito Genovese, and Joe Adonis allegedly were the four gunmen who shot New York mob boss Joe Masseria to death on Luciano's orders on April 15, 1931, ending the Castellammarese War.[27][28] On September 10 of that year, Luciano hired four gunmen from the Bugs and Meyer Mob (some sources identify Siegel as being one of the gunmen[29][30]) to murder Salvatore Maranzano in his New York office, establishing Luciano's rise to the top of the Mafia and marking the beginning of modern American organized crime.[31]
Siegel's April 1928 mugshot
Following Maranzano's death, Luciano and Lansky formed the National Crime Syndicate, an organization of crime families that brought power to the underworld.[6][32]The Commission was established for dividing Mafia territories and preventing future gang wars.[6] With his associates, Siegel formed Murder, Inc. After he and Lansky moved on, control over Murder, Inc. was ceded to Buchalter and Anastasia,[19] although Siegel continued working as a hitman.[33] Siegel's only conviction was in Miami; on February 28, 1932, he was arrested for gambling and vagrancy, and, from a roll of bills, paid a $100 fine.[4]
During this period, Siegel had a disagreement with the Fabrizzo brothers, associates of Waxey Gordon. Gordon had hired the Fabrizzo brothers from prison after Lansky and Siegel gave the IRS information about Gordon's tax evasion. It led to Gordon's imprisonment in 1933.[20] Siegel hunted down and killed the Fabrizzos after they made an assassination attempt on Lansky and him by penetrating Siegel's heavily fortified Waldorf Astoria suite with a bomb.[34] After the deaths of his two brothers, Tony Fabrizzo had begun to write a memoir and gave it to an attorney. One of the longest chapters was to be a section on the nationwide kill-for-hire squad led by Siegel. However, the mob discovered Fabrizzo's plans before he could carry them out.[35] In 1932, after checking into a hospital to establish an alibi and later sneaking out, Siegel joined two accomplices in approaching Fabrizzo's house and, posing as detectives to lure him outside, gunned him down.[36][35] In 1935, Siegel assisted in Luciano's alliance with Dutch Schultz and killed rival loan shark brothers Louis "Pretty" Amberg and Joseph C. Amberg.[37][38]
California
Siegel had learned from his associates that he was in danger: his hospital alibi had become questionable and his enemies wanted him dead.[39] In the late 1930s, the East Coast mob sent Siegel to California.[40] Since 1933, he had traveled to the West Coast several times,[41] and in California his mission was to develop syndicate-sanctioned gambling rackets with Los Angeles family boss Jack Dragna.[42] Once in Los Angeles, Siegel recruited gang boss Mickey Cohen as his chief lieutenant.[43] Knowing Siegel's reputation for violence, and that he was backed by Lansky and Luciano – who, from prison, sent word to Dragna that it was "in [his] best interest to cooperate"[33] – Dragna accepted a subordinate role.[44] On tax returns, Siegel claimed to earn his living through legal gambling at Santa Anita Park.[45] He soon took over Los Angeles's numbers racket[46] and used money from the syndicate to help establish a drug trade route from Mexico and organized circuits with the Chicago Outfit'swire services.[47][48]
By 1942, $500,000 a day was coming from the syndicate's bookmaking wire operations.[46] In 1946, because of problems with Siegel, the Outfit took over the Continental Press and gave the percentage of the racing wire to Dragna, infuriating Siegel.[48][49] Despite his complications with the wire services, Siegel controlled several offshore casinos[50] and a major prostitution ring.[18] He also maintained relationships with politicians, businessmen, attorneys, accountants, and lobbyists who fronted for him.[51]
Siegel had several relationships with prominent women, including socialite Countess Dorothy di Frasso. The alliance with the countess took Siegel to Italy in 1938,[55] where he met Benito Mussolini, to whom Siegel tried to sell weapons. Siegel also met Nazi leaders Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels, to whom he took an instant dislike and later offered to kill.[56][57][58] He only relented because of the countess's anxious pleas.[52]
In Hollywood, Siegel worked with the syndicate to form illegal rackets.[44] He devised a plan of extorting movie studios; he would take over local trade unions (such as the Screen Extras Guild and the Los Angeles Teamsters) and stage strikes to force studios to pay him off so that unions would start working again.[48] Siegel borrowed money from celebrities and did not pay them back, knowing that they would never ask him for the money.[59][60] During his first year in Hollywood, he received more than $400,000 in loans from movie stars.
Selling Atomite to Mussolini
Atomite, according to Siegel's accounts, was a new type of explosive substance that detonated without sound or flash,[61] and Siegel attracted the interest of Benito Mussolini and the Axis powers to purchase it. Mussolini advanced $40,000 to have atomite scaled up, but Siegel failed to detonate the explosive in 1939 during a demonstration to Mussolini and Nazi leaders, including Joseph Goebbels and Hermann Göring, and Mussolini demanded the return of his money.[62]
Greenberg murder and trial
On November 22, 1939, Siegel, Whitey Krakow, Frankie Carbo, and Albert Tannenbaum killed Harry "Big Greenie" Greenberg outside his Hollywood Hills apartment. Greenberg had threatened to become a police informant,[63] and Buchalter ordered his killing.[64] Tannenbaum confessed to the murder[65] and agreed to testify against Siegel.[66] Siegel was implicated in the murder and put on trial in September 1941.[67] The trial soon gained notoriety because of the preferential treatment that Siegel received in jail: he refused to eat prison food, was allowed female visitors, and was granted leave for dental visits.[46][68] However, Siegel himself protested loudly about "the stories of his privileged incarceration"[69] and behaviour during the trial, claiming that they were either untrue or grossly exaggerated. Some reporters wrote that he had a valet in prison, that he had broken down in tears on the stand, and that his eyes were brown. Siegel told them: "You can see for yourself that they're not brown" (they were in fact blue).[69]
During the trial, the newspapers also revealed information about Siegel's past, and referred to him as "Bugsy". Siegel hated the nickname because it was based on the slang term "bugs", meaning "crazy", and used to describe his erratic behavior. He preferred to be called "Ben" or "Mr. Siegel".[70] Siegel allegedly threatened Hollywood reporter Florabel Muir, "who knew [him] well"[71] and was covering the trial, saying "You think because I'm locked up here a punk like you can write anything you please ... Maybe you won't be using that typewriter anymore. Maybe your fingers won't be on your hands. I have people outside who'll break your legs or drop you in a hole if I say the word." ... I'm not as bugs as you think. I'm going to beat this rap and then I won't ever have to speak to you newspaper punks."[69]
Siegel hired attorney Jerry Giesler for his defense. Two state witnesses died[46][72] and no additional witnesses came forward. Tannenbaum's testimony was dismissed.[73] In 1942, Siegel was acquitted due to a lack of evidence,[73] but his reputation was damaged. On May 25, 1944, Siegel was arrested for bookmaking. Raft and Mack Gray testified on his behalf, and he was acquitted again in late 1944.[74]
Las Vegas
Problems with the Outfit's wire service had cleared up in Nevada and Arizona, but in California, Siegel refused to report business.[75] He later announced to his colleagues that he was running the California syndicate by himself and that he would return the loans in his "own good time." The mob bosses were patient with him because he had proven to be a valuable man.[76]
Flamingo Hotel
In 1946, Siegel found an opportunity to reinvent his personal image and diversify into legitimate business with William R. Wilkerson's Flamingo Hotel.[77] In the 1930s, Siegel had traveled to southern Nevada with Sedway to explore expanding operations there. He had found opportunities in providing illicit services to crews constructing the Boulder Dam. Lansky had handed over operations in Nevada to Siegel, who turned it over to Sedway and left for Hollywood.[78][79]
In the mid-1940s, Siegel was operating in Las Vegas while his lieutenants worked on a business policy to secure all gambling in Los Angeles.[75] In May 1946, he decided that the agreement with Wilkerson had to be altered to give him control of the Flamingo.[80] Within the Flamingo, Siegel would supply the gambling, the best liquor and food, and the biggest entertainers at reasonable prices. He believed that these attractions would lure thousands of vacationers willing to gamble $50 or $100, as well as "high rollers".[50] Wilkerson was eventually coerced into selling all stakes in the Flamingo under the threat of death, and he went into hiding in Paris for a time.[81] From this point the Flamingo became syndicate-run.[82] By October 1946, the Flamingo's costs were above $4 million.[83] By 1947, the costs were over $6 M (equivalent to $72 M in 2023).[84] By late November of that year, the work was nearly finished.[85]
According to later reports by local observers, Siegel's "maniacal chest-puffing" set the pattern for several generations of notable casino moguls.[18] He boasted one day that he had personally killed some men; he saw the panicked look on the face of head contractor Del Webb and reassured him, "Del, don't worry, we only kill each other."[86] Other associates portrayed Siegel in a different aspect; he was an intense character who was not without a charitable side, including his donations for the Damon Runyon Cancer Fund.[18] Siegel's Las Vegas attorney Lou Weiner Jr. described him as "very well liked" and said that he was "good to people."[18]
Opening
The Flamingo opened on December 26, 1946, despite being unfinished.[87] Local people attended the opening, and some celebrities present included George Raft, June Haver, Vivian Blaine, Sonny Tufts, Brian Donlevy, and Charles Coburn. They were welcomed by construction noise and a lobby draped with drop cloths. When word made its way to Siegel during the evening that the casino was losing money, he became irate and verbally abusive and threw out at least one family.[88]
After two weeks, the Flamingo's gaming tables were $275,000 in the red and the casino briefly shut down.[89] Siegel continued construction and hired Hank Greenspun as a publicist. The Flamingo reopened on March 1, 1947,[90] and began turning a profit.[91][92] However, by this point mob bosses had lost their patience for Siegel.[18]
Death
Siegel's memorial plaque in the Bialystoker Synagogue.
On the night of June 20, 1947, Siegel was sat on a sofa reading a copy of the Los Angeles Times, together with his associate Allen Smiley, in the living room of 810 North Linden Drive, the Beverly Hills mansion that he had leased for his girlfriend Virginia Hill. Also present in the residence were Virginia's brother, Chick Hill, Hill's girlfriend, Jerry Mason, and Eung S. Lee, the residence's cook. A little before 11:00 p.m., an unknown assailant fired into the living room through a window with a .30 caliber military M1 carbine at a range of "just fourteen feet"[71] from "an archway in the driveway of the house at 808 Linden",[71] resting his weapon "on a trellis just outside the window."[71] The assailant could not be seen from the street due to "an abundance of shrubbery".[71] A total of nine rounds were fired, "four of which found their mark. One hit the bridge of [Siegel]'s nose and ripped out his left eye, a second entered his right cheek and exited at the back of his neck, and two hit him in the chest."[71] According to Florabel Muir, who was "one of the first reporters on the scene",[93] and who had spoken to Siegel earlier that day (he had called "to thank her for a favourable review of a Flamingo show"),[71] the remaining shots "destroyed a white marble statue of Bacchus on a grand piano, and then lodged in the far wall."[94] Muir also claimed that she noticed Siegel's left eyeball lying on the ground, and "picked up the sliver of flesh from which his long eyelashes extended."[93] Smiley's arm had been grazed by a bullet, but he was otherwise unharmed. "Clark Fogg, who for many years was the senior forensic specialist in the Beverly Hills Police Department Lab, concluded that it was more likely that there were two shooters",[71] claiming that ""it would have been nearly impossible for just one gunman" to make such precise shots to Siegel's face because "the mobster's head would have turned upon impact from the first bullet.""[71] No one was ever charged with killing Siegel, and the crime remains officially unsolved.[4]
One theory is that Siegel's death was due to his excessive spending and possible theft of money from the mob.[95][96] In 1946, a meeting was held with the "board of directors" of the syndicate in Havana, Cuba so that Luciano, exiled in Sicily, could attend. A contract on Siegel's life was the conclusion.[97] According to Stacher, Lansky reluctantly agreed to the decision.[98] Another theory is that Siegel was shot to death preemptively by Mathew "Moose" Pandza, the lover of Sedway's wife Bee, who went to Pandza after learning that Siegel was threatening to kill her husband. Siegel apparently had grown increasingly resentful of the control Sedway, at mob behest, was exerting over his finances and planned to do away with him.[99] Former Philadelphia family boss Ralph Natale claimed that Carbo was responsible for killing Siegel, at the behest of Lansky.[100]
Siegel's death certificate states the cause of death as homicide and the immediate cause as "Cerebral Hemorrage [sic] due to Gunshot Wounds of the Head."[101]
The day after Siegel's death, the Los Angeles Herald-Express carried a photograph on its front page from the morgue of Siegel's bare right foot with a toe tag.[102] Although Siegel's homicide occurred in Beverly Hills, his death thrust Las Vegas into the national spotlight as photographs of his lifeless body were published in newspapers throughout the country.[47] The day after Siegel's murder, David Berman and his Las Vegas mob associates, Sedway and Gus Greenbaum, walked into the Flamingo and took over operation of the hotel and casino.[103]
Memorial
Siegel's memorial outside the wedding chapel at the Flamingo
In the Bialystoker Synagogue on New York's Lower East Side, Siegel is memorialized by a Yahrtzeit (remembrance) plaque that marks his death date so mourners can say Kaddish for the anniversary. Siegel's plaque is below that of Max Siegel, his father, who died just two months before his son. On the property at the Flamingo Las Vegas, between the pool and a wedding chapel, is a memorial plaque to Siegel.[104]
"Bugsy" is the name of a character played by James Russo in Sergio Leone's 1984 film Once Upon a Time in America. The character may be loosely based on Bugsy Siegel.
Siegel was mentioned in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine season 7, episode 15 Badda-Bing Badda-Bang (February 22, 1999), at the 33 minute 21 second mark. The character Frankie refers to him as, "The man who built Las Vegas."[107]
A character going by the same name, portrayed by Edwin Richfield, appears in the sixth episode of the second series of the 1960s cult British spy-fi TV series The Avengers.
Bugsy (1991) is a highly fictionalized movie biography of Siegel, featuring Warren Beatty in the title role.[108]
A biography of Siegel (a 1995 program from the television series Biography) was released on DVD in 2005. 50 minutes, color with b&w sequences. ISBN9780767081917
In Fallout: New Vegas, there is a character named Benny, who is visually based on Siegel. He is also a contributor to the development of the New Vegas Strip, based on the Las Vegas Strip and similar to Siegel's role in the birth of Las Vegas gambling. Benny shares Siegel's charismatic demeanor and criminal background.
Jonathan Sadowski portrayed a heavily fictionalized Siegel in the DC's Legends of Tomorrow episode "Miss Me, Kiss Me, Love Me"; a science fiction series with supernatural overtones, it featured Siegel being resurrected after his assassination, although he is finally terminated in Hell by the character John Constantine.
David Cade portrays Siegel in the 2021 film Lansky.
^ abcGragg, Larry (2015). Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel: The Gangster, The Flamingo, and the Making of Modern Las Vegas. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 1–2. ISBN9781440801853.
^"Bugsy Siegel Part 25". FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2012. According to an FBI report, his reputation of individuals fearing him was acknowledged because "he thought nothing of grabbing a gun and shooting someone when they crossed him."
^ ab"Bugsy Siegel Part 3". FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^Raab, Selwyn (2006). Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empires. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 32–34.
^"Bugsy Siegel Part 2". FBI Records: The Vault. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
^ abcTuohy, John William (October 2001). "Bugsy". AmericanMafia.com. PLR International. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^Knapp, George (July 23, 2010). "Who Killed Bugsy Siegel?". KLAS-TV 8 News NOW. Archived from the original on July 27, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
^Newark, Tim (2010). Lucky Luciano: The Real and the Fake Gangster. London: Macmillan. p. 229.
^"O'Dwyer Goes West In Murder Inquiry". The New York Times. December 8, 1940. p. 62. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2012. "District Attorney William O'Dwyer of Brooklyn left Friday afternoon by train for Los Angeles to confer with the prosecutor's office there concerning developments in the case of Benjamin (Bug) Siegel, West Coast racketeer chieftain"
^ abcGragg, Larry D. (2015). Benjamin "Bugsy" Siegel: The Gangster, the Flamingo, and the Making of Modern Las Vegas. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 58-59. ISBN978-1-4408-0185-3.
^ abcdefghiGragg, Larry D. (2023). Bugsy's Shadow: Moe Sedway, "Bugsy" Siegel, and the Birth of Organized Crime in Las Vegas. New Mexico: High Road. p. 86-88. ISBN978-1-4408-0185-3.
^Burbank, Jeff (October 18, 2010). "Bugsy Siegel and the Flamingo Hotel". The Online Nevada Encyclopedia. Nevada Humanities. Archived from the original on March 22, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2012.
^Koch, Ed; Manning, Mary (May 15, 2008). "Mob Ties". Las Vegas Sun. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
^Lewis, Bradley (2007). Hollywood's Celebrity Gangster: The Incredible Life and Times of Mickey Cohen. New York: Enigma Books. p. 64. ISBN978-1-929-63165-0.
^Wallace, Amy (September 29, 2014). "Who Killed Bugsy Siegel?". Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
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