Britannia Hotels

Britannia Hotels Limited
Company typePrivate
IndustryHospitality
Founded1976
HeadquartersHale, Greater Manchester, England
Number of locations
64[a]
Key people
  • Alex Langsam, CEO
  • Robert Ferrari, CFO
Products
  • Hotels
  • Property development
ServicesConference room hire, banqueting functions, health club membership
RevenueIncrease £154.790m (2023)[1]
Increase £5.2m (2023)
Increase £31.692m (2023)
OwnerAlex Langsam
Hawksford Trust Company Jersey Limited
Number of employees
12,000
SubsidiariesBritannia Adelphi Hotel Ltd
Birmingham International Hotel Ltd
Ambassador Hotels (Bournemouth) Ltd
Ambassador (East Cliff) Ltd
Britannia Hotel Bolton Ltd
Britannia Hotel Leeds Ltd
Britannia Country House Hotel Ltd
Britannia Hotel Edinburgh Ltd
Britannia Hotel Wolverhampton Ltd
Pontins Holiday Parks
Websitebritanniahotels.com

Britannia Hotels is a British budget hotel group with 64 hotels in Great Britain.[2][a] The company also owns the Pontins Holiday Parks.

Since 2010 Britannia Hotels has been a subject of criticism over the hygiene and maintenance of its locations; consumer group Which? repeatedly found the chain to be the worst in the United Kingdom since October 2013.[3][4] The criticism has contributed towards the growing general perception of Britannia Hotels as "Britain's worst hotel chain".[5]

History

The Britannia Adelphi Hotel, Liverpool
The Britannia Manchester Hotel, formerly Watts Warehouse, Manchester

Foundation and early years

Britannia Hotels was founded in 1976 with the purchase of the Britannia Country House Hotel in Didsbury, Manchester. Its chief executive, founder, and largest shareholder remains Alex Langsam. Langsam is a non-domiciled UK resident, registered as living in Austria for tax purposes since 1999.[6] His net personal worth was valued at £90 million in 2013 by The Sunday Times.[7]

The company's head office is Halecroft, a Grade II* listed building in Hale.[8] A large cluster of the company's hotels are located in and around Manchester.

Soon after its foundation, Britannia began making a number of further acquisitions. The second purchase in 1981 was a derelict listed building in central Manchester (the former Watts Warehouse standing on Portland Street). After redeveloping the unit it opened in May 1982 as the Britannia Hotel Manchester. At the end of 1982, British Rail sold off its hotel division, British Transport Hotels. From this sale, in 1983 Britannia bought the Britannia Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool.[citation needed]

In the mid-1980s, Alex Langsam acquired the Grade II* listed London Road Fire Station in Manchester for the group. Proposals to redevelop it into a hotel and offices were delayed and in 2006 it was placed on English Heritage's register of "at risk" historical buildings.[9] The city council's attempt to compulsorily purchase the building was rejected on 29 November 2011.[10][11] In 2015 Britannia sold the building to Allied London which began redevelopment as a mixed-use leisure and hotel facility.[12]

The 1988 Philip Saville film The Fruit Machine featured interior and main entrance scenes of the Adelphi Hotel in Liverpool, including a vertical pan shot past the lit marquee at night.[citation needed]

In 1987 Britannia Hotels converted an unused building in Manchester that had been the city's C&A department store - this became the Sachas Hotel.[13][14] Later in the same year Bosworth Hall, a country house style hotel in Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, was purchased. Bosworth Hall was being converted from a hospital/nursing home into a hotel and Britannia took over the development from the builders who went bankrupt. In 1988 the company purchased and began development of the International Hotel adjacent to Canary Wharf in London's Docklands. The hotel opened on 9 June 1992. A year later, Britannia took over a 187-bedroom hotel in Stockport. After a period of refurbishment, the Britannia Stockport Hotel opened in 1993. In the summer of the same year, the group also purchased the Europa Hotel situated close to Gatwick Airport.[citation needed]

Development since 2000

In the following 10 years, the group acquired 16 more hotels in locations such as Birmingham, Aberdeen and Newcastle. In November 2004, it acquired four hotels from the Grand Leisure Group: the Grand Hotel in Scarborough, the Grand Hotel in Llandudno, the Grand Burstin Hotel in Folkestone and the Grand Metropole in Blackpool. In January 2011, the company bought North West holiday camp business Pontins out of administration in an £18.5 million deal which safeguarded about 1,000 jobs. Following the acquisition, Britannia had to deal with a series of complaints.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]

From 2005 to 2015, the group had its most rapid period of expansion, acquiring 23 hotels, including the Palace Hotel in Buxton and the Basingstoke Country Hotel acquired from the Hotel Collection[23][24] and the Trecarn Hotel Torquay[25] and Cavendish Hotel in Eastbourne. In 2016, Britannia Hotels also purchased The Bromsgrove Hotel & Spa which had been owned and operated by Hilton. Later in 2017, Britannia Hotels acquired the Royal Hotel in Hull from the Mercure Hotel Group, expanding to 53 hotels.[26]

In 2008 as part of the Capital of Culture celebrations, a musical based on the Adelphi Hotel, written and directed by Phil Willmott, Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi, ran at the Liverpool Playhouse from 30 June until 2 August.[27]

Britannia Hotels purchased nine hotels, reaching a total of 61, between 2017 and 2021, when it acquired The Grand Hotel Gosforth Park (formerly Marriott) in Newcastle, The Grand Hotel Sunderland (formerly Marriott), The Grand Hotel Blackpool (formerly Hilton), The Meon Valley Hotel, Golf & Country Club near Southampton, The Sprowston Manor Hotel & Country Club near Norwich, The Hollins Hall Hotel, Golf & Country Club in Baildon, Bradford, The Coylumbridge Hotel (formerly Hilton) in Aviemore and The Royal Clifton Hotel in Southport.[citation needed]

On 15 July 2023, a fire broke out in one of the rooms in the Royal Albion Hotel, Brighton reducing most of the Grade II building to a shell.[28][29] It was made worse by the high winds over the weekend which made fighting the fire challenging. This left the façade unstable, requiring most of the exterior to be demolished.[30]

List of properties

See also: Pontins Holiday Parks, owned by Britannia

As of February 2024, Britannia Hotels operate 64 hotels, all in Great Britain:[2][a]

Branded hotels

Brand Locations Total
Britannia Hotels 19
Airport Inn 2
Grand Hotel 5
Total properties 26

Individually named hotels

Location Properties Total Notes
Aviemore Coylumbridge Aviemore Hotel 1
Basingstoke Country Hotel 1
Birmingham Bromsgrove Hotel & Spa 1
Blackpool 3
Bournemouth 4 The Royal Bath Hotel is Grade II listed.
Brighton Royal Albion Hotel 1 Grade II* listed. Damaged by fire in 2023.[31]
Buxton Palace Hotel 1 Grade II listed.
Bradford 2 Corner block of the Midland Hotel is Grade II listed.
Coventry
  • Royal Court Hotel
 1
Eastbourne Cavendish Hotel 1
Folkestone Grand Burstin Hotel 1
Gatwick
  • Europa Gatwick Hotel
  • Gatwick Lodge
  • Russ Hill Hotel
 3
Kingston upon Hull Royal Hotel 1
Liverpool Adelphi Hotel 1 Grade II listed.
London International Hotel 1
Manchester 2
Market Bosworth Bosworth Hall Hotel & Spa 1 Grade II* listed.
Norwich Sprowston Manor Hotel 1
Peterhead Waterside Hotel 1
Prestwick Adamton Country House 1
Runcorn / Warrington Daresbury Park Hotel & Spa 1 Located in Runcorn though stated by the company as being in neighbouring Warrington.
Scarborough 2
Southampton Meon Valley Hotel, Golf & Country Club 1
Southport
  • Prince of Wales Hotel
  • Scarisbrick Hotel
  • The Royal Clifton Hotel
 3
Stoke on Trent North Stafford Hotel 1 Grade II* listed.
Torquay Trecarn Hotel 1
Total properties 38

Reviews and prosecutions

Reviews

Which? customer scores (hotel chains)
Year BH
score 		1st
score 		1st
chain 		Ref.
2013 36% 78% Q Hotels [4]
2014 33% 83% Sofitel [32]
2015 — 83% Premier Inn [33]
2016 44% 83% Premier Inn [34]
2017 33% 79% Premier Inn [35]
2018 35% 79% Premier Inn [36]
2019 39% 79% Premier Inn
Wetherspoon 		[3]
2020 37% 86% Sofitel [37][38]
2021 49% 79% Premier Inn [39][40]
2022 56% 78% Premier Inn [41][42]
2023 48% 77% Hotel Indigo [43]

Britannia Hotels has been subject to widespread criticism on many issues, most notably in hygiene and maintenance. In October 2023, consumer group Which? declared Britannia Hotels to be the worst hotel chain in the United Kingdom for the 11th consecutive year, in last place with an overall score of 48%.[43] Britannia Hotels had been last place in the Which? hotel chain rankings since October 2013, when the editor Richard Headland warned that other chains (such as Premier Inn) were undercutting Britannia with better service at similar prices.[4]

In 2005 and 2006, the Grand Hotel in Scarborough and the Britannia Adelphi were investigated by the BBC over theft and hygiene.[44][45] In November 2014, an undercover investigation by the Liverpool Echo found issues with the upkeep of both the exterior and interior of the Adelphi, warning that the ageing interiors and basic service placed Britannia Hotels at a disadvantage in the fast-evolving "cut-throat" tourism industry.[46] In 2019, Which? journalists found the Britannia Lodge near Gatwick airport to be in a worse condition, reporting smells of damp because of a clogged ventilation fan, a bathroom affected by mould, and stains revealed under ultraviolet light.[3] In the following year, Which? reported that the situation had not improved, despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the renewed interest in luxury hotels for staycations.[41]

Hotel research and booking site Oyster.com has reviewed a number of Britannia Hotels. The website commended most of the reviewed locations for their proximity to city centres or public transport hubs[47] and efforts to renovate some rooms in the Manchester location,[48] but raised concerns about outdated interiors, inconsistent maintenance, and Wi-Fi access fees,[49] the latter generally considered inappropriate in a country where internet access is a major part of daily life.

Official and charity use

The Home Office temporarily rented rooms in three Britannia locations (two in Bournemouth, one in Folkestone) to house asylum seekers because of overcrowding at the detention centres.[50] The Home Office also rented rooms for new refugees who were waiting for long-term housing.[5]

In December 2018, the Britannia Royal at Kingston upon Hull cancelled a charity reservation for rough sleepers on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day without giving a reason. The incident led to a criticism against Britannia Hotels, which temporarily removed its presence from social media.[51]

Response to COVID-19

In March 2020, Britannia Hotels attracted widespread condemnation for its response to the coronavirus pandemic: on 19 March, the Coylumbridge Aviemore Hotel sacked and evicted approximately 30 staff who lived in the hotel without notice or redundancy pay, leaving several homeless.[52][53] Britannia Hotels later reversed the decision under widespread political and public pressure, but claimed that the sackings were due to an "administrative error".[54][55] Staff were also dismissed and evicted at the Britannia-owned Pontins holiday parks.[56]

On 24 March, Manchester City Council reported that Britannia Hotels evicted homeless people from Britannia's two city centre hotels (Britannia Manchester and Sachas Hotel), despite an agreement between Britannia and Manchester council to accommodate them.[57]

Food hygiene

In September 2007, Manchester Crown Court fined Britannia Hotels £39,486 for food hygiene offences at the Britannia Hotel in Stockport, shortly after TripAdvisor rated it as one of Britain's dirtiest hotels.[58] In December 2014, magistrates at the Nuneaton Justice Centre fined Britannia Hotels £25,400 for food hygiene offences at the Royal Court Hotel in Coventry.[59] In June 2017, the Adelphi was prosecuted for breaches of food safety and hygiene regulations.[60]

Health and safety

Britannia Hotels was prosecuted for breaking health and safety laws after a student drowned in the Adelphi's swimming pool in 2006.[61] In November 2015, the Liverpool Echo investigated a guest's complaints about the Adelphi.[62] Further issues with the Adelphi have been reported since.[63][64][65] The Liverpool Echo visited the company's headquarters in June 2019 to interview a spokesperson about the complaints, but no-one would speak to the journalists.[66]

In 2013 in Canterbury Crown Court, the chain was ordered to pay £200,000 in fines and costs for putting guests and construction workers at risk of exposure to asbestos at the Grand Burstin Hotel in Folkestone.[67]

In 2021, the chain was fined £86,000 after an employee fell through rusted railings and suffered life-changing injuries at the Prince of Wales Hotel in Southport. Sefton Council also issued an improvement notice after no attempt was made to make the area safe after the accident occurred.[68]

On 10 September 2022, a 21-year-old woman was crushed to death by a wardrobe whilst staying at the Britannia Adelphi hotel.[69]

References

  1. ^ Britannia Hotels Ltd, Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended 31 March 2023
  2. ^ a b "Our Hotels". Britannia Hotels. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Kollewe, Julia (28 October 2019). "Britannia Hotels rated sector's worst chain for seventh year in a row". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022.
  4. ^ a b c Coldwell, Will (30 October 2013). "The UK's best and worst hotel chains". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013.
  5. ^ a b Gill, Oliver (6 January 2020). "Sales at 'Britain's worst hotel chain' surge past £100m". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Hotel boss Alex Langsam loses appeal over 'non-dom' payout". Manchester Evening News. 11 October 2012.
  7. ^ "The Caterer - Latest News on the Hospitality Industry". The Caterer.
  8. ^ "Contact Us". britanniahotels.com. Britannia Hotels. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
  9. ^ "All-action station". Manchester Evening News. 11 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  10. ^ Alex Langsam Breaks Silence Archived 7 September 2012 at archive.today Manchester Confidential 9 September 2010
  11. ^ "Manchester council loses £700,000 bid to force sale of London Road Fire Station". Manchester Evening News. 29 November 2011. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011.
  12. ^ "Allied London starts work on London Road Fire Station". Place North West. 30 August 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  13. ^ "Sachas - Former C&A Clothing Store". manchesterhistory.net.
  14. ^ O'Leary, Abigail (8 August 2016). "Manchester's lost shops: Readers share their memories of Lewis's and more". Manchester Evening News.
  15. ^ "Anne Robinson Goes Head to Head With Woman From Pontins Following A Watchdog Report". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  16. ^ "Complaints made over Pontin's site at Pakefield - News". Lowestoft Journal. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  17. ^ Siddle, John (11 April 2015). "Pontins: Mass brawl at Southport holiday camp latest in long list of complaints".
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  19. ^ Porter, Gary (2 September 2014). "Pontins Prestayn chalet was 'dirty beyond belief' claims holidaymaker".
  20. ^ "Family's Pontins misery on 'holiday from hell' | Gloucestershire Echo". Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  21. ^ "Pontins Limited". judiciary.uk.
  22. ^ "Pontins Holiday Park breach Health & Safety with disastrous consequences". 9 June 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  23. ^ "New owners for landmark Buxton hotel".
  24. ^ "Press Releases | Christie & Co".
  25. ^ Tore, Iuliia. "Britannia Hotels expands its portfolio - Rus Tourism News". rustourismnews.com.
  26. ^ "Mercure Hull Royal Hotel to be taken over by Britannia Hotels". Hull Daily Mail. 9 March 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  27. ^ "Adelphi Hotel Play". Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  28. ^ "City emergency as Royal Albion hotel on fire". The Argus. 15 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  29. ^ "City mourns the loss of historic Royal Albion hotel after tragic fire". The Argus. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  30. ^ Sherratt, Zac (17 July 2023). "Demolition crews arrive at Royal Albion hotel". The Argus. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  31. ^ "Brighton hotel blaze: Fire-hit seaside hotel faces partial demolition". BBC News. 16 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  32. ^ Knowles, Kitty (26 October 2014). "Britannia Hotels is 'the worst chain in UK', satisfaction survey finds". The Independent. London: Independent Digital News & Media. Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  33. ^ Sayid, Ruki (4 November 2015). "Premier Inn crowned top hotel chain in Britain after beating posh brands". Mirror Online. London: Trinity Mirror. Archived from the original on 6 January 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  34. ^ Sayid, Ruki (26 October 2016). "Worst hotel chain in the UK revealed as it comes bottom in satisfaction survey for second time". Mirror Online. London: Trinity Mirror. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  35. ^ Buckley, Julia (24 October 2017). "Britannia Hotels judged worst in UK". The Independent. London: Independent Digital News & Media. Archived from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  36. ^ "Britannia named worst UK hotel chain for sixth consecutive year". ITV News. London: ITV. 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  37. ^ Brignall, Miles (5 December 2022). "Britannia named worst UK hotel chain for eighth year in a row". The Guardian. Manchester. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  38. ^ Bell, Lauren (20 November 2020). "Best and worst UK hotel chains". Which?. London: Consumers' Association. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  39. ^ Lancefield, Neil (1 February 2022). "'Stains everywhere' - The UK's worst hotel chains revealed". The Independent. London: Independent Digital News & Media. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  40. ^ Bell, Lauren (4 January 2022). "Best and worst UK hotel chains". Which?. London: Consumers' Association. Archived from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  41. ^ a b Parveen, Nazia (9 November 2022). "Britannia named worst UK hotel chain for tenth year in a row". The Guardian. Manchester. Archived from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
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  43. ^ a b "Which? warns it's increasingly hard to find a low cost hotel stay - as it reveals best and worst hotel chains of 2023". Which? (Press release). Consumers' Association. 28 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023.
  44. ^ "Hotel rejects 'theft hotspot' tag". BBC News. 26 July 2006.
  45. ^ "BBC Inside Out - Hotel not-so-Grand". bbc.co.uk.
  46. ^ Rouse, Alisha (5 November 2014). "Adelphi Hotel owners Britannia Group branded worst in country by Which? magazine". Liverpool Echo. Liverpool: Reach plc. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  47. ^ "Oyster Hotel Review: Britannia International Hotel". Oyster.com. Needham: TripAdvisor. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  48. ^ "Oyster Hotel Review: Britannia Manchester Hotel". Oyster.com. Needham: TripAdvisor. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  49. ^ "Oyster Hotel Review: Britannia Edinburgh Hotel". Oyster.com. Needham: TripAdvisor. 4 June 2019. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  50. ^ Knowles, Kitty (26 October 2014). "Is this really the worst hotel chain in Britain?". The Independent. London: Independent Digital News & Media. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  51. ^ Halliday, Josh (17 December 2018). "Donations flood in after hotel cancels booking for homeless people". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  52. ^ "Aviemore hotel slammed after sacking and evicting staff in coronavirus crisis". The National.
  53. ^ Keyden, Nicholas (19 March 2020). "Politicians slam Scots hotel after staff fired and kicked out amid coronavirus". Daily Record.
  54. ^ "Coronavirus: Hotel made staff homeless in 'admin error'". London: BBC. BBC News. 21 March 2020. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  55. ^ Musgrove, Gavin (26 March 2020). "'We're delighted to be back at the Coylumbridge Hotel'". Strathspey & Badenoch Herald. Grantown-on-Spey: Highland News and Media. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  56. ^ Hughes, Owen (24 March 2020). "Britannia Hotels re-hires Pontins workers and Government will pay their wages". North Wales Live. Colwyn Bay: Reach plc. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  57. ^ Griffiths, Niall (25 March 2020). "Hotel slammed 'for evicting homeless people that were supposed to stay' there amid coronavirus outbreak". Manchester Evening News. Reach plc. Archived from the original on 4 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  58. ^ Taylor, Paul R. (13 September 2007). "'Dirtiest hotel' fined £36,000". Manchester: Reach plc. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  59. ^ "Coventry's Royal Court Hotel in food hygiene fine". London: BBC. BBC News. 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  60. ^ "An embarrassment to the city'". Confidentials. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  61. ^ Jacklin, Daniel (25 March 2020). "Case Summary: Madhav Cherukuri". Water Incident Research Hub.
  62. ^ Samuelson, Kate (22 November 2015). "Liverpool Adelphi Hotel guest 'disgusted' by £150 a night room".
  63. ^ McMullin, Kate (2 November 2017). "Bloodied syringe and dried up vomit - couple lift the lid on Adelphi horror stay". Liverpool Echo.
  64. ^ Bona, Emilia (30 December 2017). "100 Scottish line dancers disgusted at 'nightmare' Adelphi stay". Liverpool Echo.
  65. ^ Parry, Josh (14 March 2018). "Adelphi Hotel gym to shut - as members share pictures of 'filthy' changing areas". Liverpool Echo.
  66. ^ Bona, Emilia (30 June 2019). "Bosses at The Adelphi and Pontins never respond to our questions so we turned up at their offices to demand answers". Liverpool Echo. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  67. ^ "Britannia Hotels slammed over asbestos case - TheBusinessDesk.com". 5 April 2013.
  68. ^ "Britannia Hotels fined £86k after employee fell through railings suffering life-changing injuries". LancsLive. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  69. ^ "'Kind and caring' daughter, 21, crushed to death by wardrobe in Liverpool Adelphi Hotel". Manchester: ITV. ITV News Granada. 5 October 2022. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c The Royal Albion Hotel was damaged by a fire in July 2023, so only 63 of the 64 hotels are operational as of February 2024

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American basketball player For other people with similar names, see Shawn Elliott (disambiguation) and Sam Elliott. Sean ElliottElliott in 2008Personal informationBorn (1968-02-02) February 2, 1968 (age 55)Tucson, Arizona, U.S.Listed height6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Listed weight220 lb (100 kg)Career informationHigh schoolCholla (Tucson, Arizona)CollegeArizona (1985–1989)NBA draft1989: 1st round, 3rd overall pickSelected by the San Antonio SpursPlaying career1989–2001...

 

بلاستيدة خضراء

صانعات خضراء. خلايا نبات، وتظهر فيها الصانعات الخضراء. الصانعات الخضراء أو الصانعات اليخضورية أو البلاستيدات الخضراء[1][2] (بالإنجليزية: Chloroplast)‏ هي إحدى أنواع الصانعات الخلوية الموجودة في خلايا النبات، وتتميز بكونها من العضيات الخلوية مزدوجة الغشاء أحدهما داخلي و...

 

Jawbreaker (video game)

1981 video game 1981 video gameJawbreakerPublisher(s)On-line SystemsTigervision (2600)Programmer(s)Atari 8-bit, 2600John HarrisApple IIOlaf Lubeck[1]Platform(s)Atari 8-bit, Apple II, Atari 2600, Commodore 64Release1981: Atari 8-bit, Apple1982: 26001983: C64Genre(s)MazeMode(s)Single-player Jawbreaker is a Pac-Man clone programmed by John Harris for the Atari 8-bit family and published by On-Line Systems. Released in 1981[2] before an official version of Pac-Man was available, i...

The Adventures of Dr. McNinja

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: The Adventures of Dr. McNinja – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This art...

 

Shinoro Station

Railway station in Sapporo, Japan Shinoro Station篠路駅General informationLocationKita-ku, Sapporo, HokkaidoJapanOperated by JR HokkaidoLine(s)     Sasshō LineDistance10.2 km (6.3 mi) from SōenPlatforms2 side platformsTracks2ConstructionStructure typeAt gradeOther informationStatusStaffedStation codeG08HistoryOpened20 November 1934; 89 years ago (1934-11-20)PassengersFY20142,926 daily Services Preceding station JR Hokkaido Following st...

 

Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites

Polish government body The Council for the Protection of Struggle and Martyrdom Sites (Polish: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Walk i Męczeństwa) is a Polish government body charged with the preservation of historical sites of wartime persecution of the Polish nation.[1] It was set up by Act of Parliament on 2 July 1947 and, since 1988, is under the direct responsibility of the Prime Minister's Office. Aims and objectives The Council's tasks include providing logistical help to museums o...

2024 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship

Gaelic sports event in Ireland This article may contain unsourced speculative content. Please help improve the article by adding verifiable content and reliable published sources. 2024 All-Ireland Senior Hurling ChampionshipChampionship detailsDatesApril – July 2024Teams17All-Ireland championsProvincial championsMunsterNot PlayedLeinsterNot PlayedUlsterNot PlayedConnachtNot PlayedChampionship statisticsAll-Star TeamSee here← 2023 2025 → The 2024 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Champi...

 

Taito Legends

2005 video game compilation 2005 video gameTaito LegendsBox artDeveloper(s)Empire InteractivePublisher(s)Empire Interactive (Europe)Sega (North America)Platform(s)PlayStation 2WindowsXboxReleaseEU: 14 October 2005NA: 25 October 2005[1]Genre(s)VariousMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Taito Legends is a compilation of 29 arcade games released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Microsoft Windows. The games were originally developed by Taito. The European release was published by Empire Int...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!