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Boletus miniato-olivaceus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Boletales
Family:	Boletaceae
Genus:	Boletus
Species:	B. miniato-olivaceus
Binomial name
	Boletus miniato-olivaceus; Frost (1874)
Synonyms
	Ceriomyces miniato-olivaceus (Frost) Murrill (1909);

Boletus miniato-olivaceus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1874, it is found in eastern North America, northeast Mexico and southern Brazil.^[2]

Taxonomy

The species was first described by American botanist Charles Christopher Frost in 1874, from collections made near Marlboro, Vermont.^[3] William Alphonso Murrill transferred the species to the genus Ceriomyces in 1909;^[4] this genus has since been folded into Boletus.^[5] For many years the species concept of Boletus miniato-olivaceus was unclear, and it was not definitively agreed upon which combination of characteristics separated this species from the similar B. sensibilis, or even other related American boletes such as B. bicoloroides, B. miniatopallescens, B. sensibilis and Lanmaoa carminipes. After examining the type specimens of B. miniato-olivaceus as well as several fresh specimens, Roy Halling determined that there was considerable variability in some characters, particularly in the morphology of the cystidia.^[6]

Description

The cap is initially convex before flattening out in maturity, and attains a diameter of 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in). The cap surface is dry and smooth. The color in young specimens is red, changing gradually to pale rose-pink or rose-tan with greenish or yellowish tints in maturity. The flesh is white to pale yellow except for directly underneath the cap cuticle, where it is reddish. It has no distinctive taste or odor. When cut or injured, it turns blue, although this reaction may be slow. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is initially yellow but turns dingy olive-green (sometimes with reddish tints) when older. The angular to circular pores number about 1–2 per millimeter. The tubes comprising the hymenophore are 0.6–1.6 cm (0.2–0.6 in) deep. The stem is 6–12.5 cm (2.4–4.9 in) long by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) thick, and either equal in width through, or tapered at either end. It is solid (i.e., not hollow), dry, and colored yellow with reddish to brownish tinges, especially near the base.^[7]

Boletus miniato-olivaceus produces an olive-brown spore print. The spores are somewhat elliptical to spindle-shaped, smooth, and measure 10–15 by 4–6 μm.^[7] Fruit bodies are poisonous, and cause gastrointestinal disorders if consumed. They can be used in mushroom dyeing, and produce colors ranging from brown, beige, yellow, or light orange, depending on the mordant used.^[8]

Habitat and distribution

Boletus miniato-olivaceus is a mycorrhizal species, and has been shown in the laboratory to form a Hartig net with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) that is typical of pine mycorrhizae in nature.^[9] In nature, the fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground. Typically habitats include deciduous or mixed forests. An uncommon species, fruiting occurs from June to October. Its distribution includes eastern Canada south to Florida, extending west to the Great Lakes region.^[8] The bolete was reported from a Mexican beech (Fagus mexicana) forest in Hidalgo, Mexico in 2010.^[10]

References

^ "Boletus miniato-olivaceus Frost 1874". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
^ Neves MA, Capelari M (2007). "A preliminary checklist of Boletales from Brazil and notes on Boletales specimens at the Instituto de Botânica (SP) Herbarium, São Paulo, SP, Brazil". Sitientibus Série Ciências Biológicas. 7 (2): 163–169. doi:10.13102/scb8118.
^ Frost CC. (1874). "Catalogue of boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 2: 100–5.
^ Murrill WA. (1909). "The Boletaceae of North America – 2". Mycologia. 1 (4): 140–60. doi:10.2307/3753125. JSTOR 3753125.
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
^ Halling RE. (1983). "Boletes described by Charles C. Frost". Mycologia. 75 (1): 70–92. doi:10.2307/3792925. JSTOR 3792925.
^ ^a ^b Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
^ ^a ^b Bessette A, Bessette AR (2001). The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 39–40. ISBN 0-8156-0680-X.
^ Doak KD. (1955). "Pine root reaction in sterile culture to mycorrhizal and other fungi". American Midland Naturalist. 54 (2): 443–51. doi:10.2307/2422579. JSTOR 2422579.
^ Rodríguez-Ramírez EC, Moreno CE (2010). "Bolete diversity in two relict forests of the Mexican beech (Fagus grandifolia var. mexicana; Fagaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 97 (5): 893–898. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900284. PMID 21622453.