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Blepharophimosis intellectual disability syndromes
Blepharophimosis intellectual disability syndromes
Other names	BIDS (abbr.)
Specialty	Medical genetics, Psychiatry
Symptoms	Blepharophimosis and intellectual disabilities
Usual onset	Neo-natal
Duration	Lifelong
Types	listed below
Causes	Genetic mutation
Prevention	none
Prognosis	Medium to Ok
Frequency	very rare, most of the syndromes have less than 200 cases reported in medical literature.

Blepharophimosis intellectual disability syndromes are a group of rare genetic disorders which are characterized by blepharophimosis, ptosis, and intellectual disabilities.^[1] These disorders usually follow either autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, x-linked recessive, or mitochondrial inheritance patterns.^[2]

Types

Oculocerebrofacial syndrome, Kaufman type

Oculocerebrofacial syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive type of BIDS which is characterized by profound intellectual disabilities, cranio-facial dysmorphisms (including blepharophimosis), and other congenital ocular-brain-urogenital-skeletal anomalies. Only 19 cases have been reported in medical literature.^[3]^[4]

Blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome, MKB type

This is a rare, X-linked recessive type of BIDS which is characterized by developmental and speech delay, intellectual disabilities, urogenital anomalies, facial dysmorphisms (including blepharophimosis), and autistic-like behavior. Additional findings include joint hypermobility, hearing loss, dental anomalies, and microcephaly.^[5]

Ohdo syndrome

Also known Blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome, Ohdo type, it is a very rare type of BIDS that is characterized by blepharophimosis, ptosis, intellectual disabilities, hearing loss, and underdevelopment of teeth. Autosomal recessive, dominant, X-linked recessive, and mitochondrial inheritance patterns have been suggested. Only 30 cases have been described in medical literature.^[6]

Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson syndrome

Also known as Blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome, SBBYS type, it is a very rare autosomal dominant type of BIDS which is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, skeletal anomalies, developmental delay, hypotonia, and intellectual disabilities. It is caused by mutations in the KAT6B gene in chromosome 10. Only 122 cases have been described in medical literature.^[7]

Blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome, Verloes type

This is a very rare type of BIDS which is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, epilepsy, hypsarrythmia, intellectual disabilities, psycho-motor delays, and genital anomalies. It's inheritance pattern is unknown.^[8]