The refuge was formed in 2000 after a 1989 order to gradually close the Jefferson Proving Ground, a World War II era munitions testing facility, which was completed by 1995. The refuge is located north of the historic firing line and surrounds a 1,000-acre (4 km2) parcel operated by the Indiana Air National Guard. A zone used for firing tests remains off limit to the public due to the prohibitive cost of cleanup.[2]
Due to the past use of the property as a depleted uranium ordnance testing facility by the United States Army, all visitors must view a safety video and sign an Acknowledgement of Danger form annually prior to entering the refuge.[3] Public use is limited to 4,000 acres on the northeast corner of the refuge surrounding Old Timbers Lake.
Over 200 species of birds and 46 species of mammals are found on the refuge.[1]