Battle of Suomussalmi

Battle of Suomussalmi
Part of the Winter War
Date 30 November 1939 – 8 January 1940 Location Suomussalmi, Kainuu region, Finland 64°53′18″N 28°53′20″E Result Finnish victory
Belligerents
Finland	Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Wiljo Tuompo Hjalmar Siilasvuo Paavo Susitaival Kaarle Kari [fi]	Mikhail Dukhanov Vasily Chuikov Ivan Dashichev [ru] Alexei Vinogradov Andrei Zelentsov [ru]
Units involved
North Finland Group	9th Army
Strength
17,000[1]	48,000[2]
Casualties and losses
2,700 killed, wounded, or missing[3]	12,972 to 29,100[a] See casualties
class=notpageimage| Location within Finland Show map of Finland Battle of Suomussalmi (Karelia) Show map of Karelia

The Battle of Suomussalmi was fought between Finnish and Soviet forces in the Winter War. The action took place from 30 November 1939 to 8 January 1940. The outcome was a Finnish victory against superior forces. This battle is considered the clearest, most important, and most significant Finnish victory in the northern half of Finland.^[4] In Finland, the battle is still seen today as a symbol of the entirety of the Winter War itself.^{[citation needed]}

Order of Battle

Soviet army

9th Army^[5]

• 163rd Rifle Division
• Parts of 47th Rifle Corps
• 44th Rifle Division

Finish army

North Finland Group^[6]

• Susi Group (Ryhmä Susi)
• Siilasvuo Group
• 9th Infantry Division

Course of battle

163rd Division in the Battle of Suomussalmi

On 30 November 1939 the Soviet 163rd Rifle Division crossed the border between Finland and the Soviet Union and advanced from the north-east towards the village of Suomussalmi. The Soviet objective was to advance to the city of Oulu, effectively cutting Finland in half. This sector had only one Finnish battalion (Er.P 15), which was placed near Raate, outside Suomussalmi.

Suomussalmi was taken with little resistance on 7 December (only two incomplete companies of covering forces led a holding action between the border and Suomussalmi), but the Finns destroyed the village before this, to deny the Soviets shelter, and withdrew to the opposite shore of lakes Niskanselkä and Haukiperä.

The first extensive fight started on 8 December, when Soviet forces began to attack across the frozen lakes to the west. Their attempt failed completely. The second part of Soviet forces led the attack to the northwest on Puolanka, that was defended by the Er.P 16 (lit. 16th detached battalion), that had just arrived. This attempt also failed.

On 9 December the defenders were reinforced with a newly founded regiment (JR 27). Colonel Hjalmar Siilasvuo was given the command of the Finnish forces and he began immediate counter-measures to regain Suomussalmi. The main forces advanced on Suomussalmi, but failed to take the village, suffering serious losses. On 24 December Soviet units counterattacked, but failed to break through the surrounding Finnish forces.

Reinforced with two new regiments (JR 64 and JR 65), the Finns again attacked on 27 December. This time, they took the village, and the Soviets retreated. A large part of them managed to reach the Russian border along the Kiantajärvi lake. During this time, the Soviet 44th Rifle Division had advanced from the east towards Suomussalmi. It was entrenched on the road between Suomussalmi and Raate and got caught up in the retreat of the other Soviet forces.

Between 4 and 8 January 1940 the 44th Rifle Division was divided into isolated groups and destroyed by the Finnish troops (in a tactic known as motti), leaving much heavy equipment for the Finnish troops.^[7]

Outcome

The battle resulted in a major victory for the Finns. If the Soviet Union had captured the city of Oulu, the Finns would have had to defend the country on two fronts and an important rail link to Sweden would have been severed. The battle also gave a decisive boost to the morale of the Finnish army.

In addition, Finnish forces on the Raate-Suomussalmi road captured a large amount of military supplies, including tanks (43), field guns (70), trucks (278), horses (1,170), anti-tank guns (29), machine guns (300), rifles (6000) and other weapons, which were greatly needed by the Finnish army.^[3]

Alvar Aalto sculpted a memorial for the Finnish soldiers who died.^[8]

Casualties

Soviet troops suffered heavy losses, but estimates on the severity of these losses vary depending on the source. Multiple estimates report 22,500 to 27,000 Soviet casualties.^[9][10] American historian Allen Chew estimated the total Soviet losses at 22,500.^[3] Another estimate lists 27,000 killed and 2,100 captured.^[10]

In Russian historiography, until the collapse of the USSR, the issue of losses was not covered in any way, Pavel Aptekar was one of the first to touch upon the issue of losses, however, his data does not reflect the full picture of the battle, but they call the losses of the 44th division, according to him, it lost 4,000 people and 80 tanks.^[11] Ten years later, an article by another historian Oleg Kiselev was published, which tracked the dynamics of losses of all formations during the battle, as a result, he came to this conclusion:^[12]

Battle of Suomussalmi	KIA	WIA	MIA	Frostbitten	Total
Soviet casualties	2,303	4,001	3,868	2,800	12,972

Analysis

The Battle of Suomussalmi is often cited as an example of how a small force, properly led and fighting in familiar terrain, can defeat a vastly numerically superior enemy. Factors which contributed to the Finnish victory included:^[13]

• Finnish troops possessed higher mobility due to skis and sleds; by contrast, Soviet heavy equipment confined them to roads.
• The Soviet objective to cut Finland in half across the Oulu region, while appearing reasonable on a map, was inherently unrealistic, as the region was mostly forested marshland, with its road network consisting mainly of logging trails. Mechanized divisions had to rely on them and so became easy targets for the mobile Finnish ski troops.
• Finnish strategy was flexible and often unorthodox, for example, Finnish troops targeted Soviet field kitchens, which demoralised Soviet soldiers fighting in a sub-Arctic winter.
• The Soviet army was poorly equipped, especially with regard to winter camouflage clothing; by contrast, Finnish troops' equipment were well-suited for warfare in deep snow and freezing temperatures.
• The Finnish army had very high morale, resulting from the fact that it was defending their nation. Soviet troops, however, had exclusively-political reasons for their attack, consequently losing their will to fight soon despite continual efforts by Soviet propagandists.
• An additional factor remained Soviet counter-intelligence failures: Finnish troops often intercepted the Soviet communications, which relied heavily on standard phone lines.^[14]
• The Finnish tactics involved simplicity where needed, as the final assault was a simple head-on charge, which decreased the chances of tactical errors. Rough weather also favoured comparatively-simple plans.

See also

• Battle of Raate Road
• List of Finnish military equipment of World War II
• List of Soviet Union military equipment of World War II

References

Citations

1. Jowett & Snodgrass (2006), p. 7
2. Jowett & Snodgrass (2006), p. 7
3. Chew 1981, p. 29.
4. Trotter 2000, p. 171.
5. Nenye (2015), pp. 142, 155
6. Nenye (2015), pp. 142, 146, 155
7. The Mighty Finn Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine – War Nerd, the eXile, Issue 254, December 29, 2006
8. Chilvers 2004.
9. Campbell 2016, p. 56.
10. Best 2015, Note 3.
11. Aptekar 2004, p. 140.
12. Kiselev 2014.
13. Chew, Allen F. (1971). The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War. Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps.
14. Wilson 2006, p. 50.

Notes

1. One estimate concludes 27,000 KIA alone

Bibliography

• Chilvers, Ian, ed. (2004) [1988]. "Aalto, Alvar". The Oxford Dictionary of Art (3rd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-19-860476-9.
• Kulju, Mika (2007). Raatteen tie : Talvisodan pohjoinen sankaritarina (in Finnish). Helsinki: Ajatus kirjat. ISBN 978-951-20-7218-7.

• Wilson, Hughes (2006). "Snow and Slaughter at Suomussalmi". Military History.
• Aptekar, Pavel (2004). Советско-Финские войны [Soviet-Finnish Wars] (in Russian). Moscow: Эксмо. ISBN 5-699-08159-3.
• Trotter, William (2000). A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940. Algonquin Books. ISBN 1565122496.
• Jowett, Philip; Snodgrass, Brent (2006). Finland at War 1939–45. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-969-1.
• Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris, eds. (2015). Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–1945. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-4728-2718-0.
• Kiselev, Oleg (2014). Вопрос о потерях Красной армии под Суолмуссалми в отечественной и зарубежной историографии [The question of the losses of the Red Army at Suolmussalmi in Russian and foreign historiography]. Монумент зимней войне (in Russian).
• Best, Brian (2015). Reporting the Second World War. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 9781473870666.
• Campbell, David (2016). Finnish Soldier vs Soviet Soldier: Winter War 1939–40. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-4728-1324-4.

External links

• Battle of Suomussalmi. by Sami H. E. Korhonen (2006), www.winterwar.com. Texts with plenty of maps. In two parts, the second part. Retrieved 2014-03-16.(in English)
• Winter War This site is produced by the Finnish Military Museum (in English, Finnish, Russian, Swedish). Dozens of battle maps made by Ari Raunio.
• Finnish Wartime Photograph Archive Thousands of photos from January 1939 to December 1945
• Chew, Allen (1981). "Fighting the Russians in the Winter: Three Case Studies" (PDF). Combat Studies Institute.