Bashan

For other uses, see Bashan (disambiguation).
View from Mount Bental

Bashan (/ˈbeɪʃən/; Hebrew: הַבָּשָׁן, romanized: ha-Bashan; Latin: Basan or Basanitis)[1] is the ancient, biblical name used for the northernmost region of the Transjordan during the Iron Age.[2] It is situated in modern-day Syria. Its western part, nowadays known as the Golan Heights, was occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six Day War and annexed in 1981.

Bashan has been inhabited since at least the fourth millennium BCE. Its earliest mention is found in a Sumerian text dating back to the third millennium BCE. During the Late Bronze Age, Bashan is recorded in Egyptian sources as being under the control of their empire.[3] Biblical tradition holds that an Amorite kingdom in Bashan was conquered by the Israelites during the reign of King Og. Throughout the monarchic period, Bashan was contested between the kingdoms of Israel and Aram-Damascus. Tiglath-pileser III of Assyria eventually intervened, removing Bashan from Israel's control.[3]

Bashan is mentioned 59 times in the Hebrew Bible. It is the location of Ashtaroth Karnaim and Edrei (modern-day Daraa), as well as the city of Golan, which gave its name to the modern Golan Heights.[3] The name Bashan fell out of use in classical antiquity, in which the region was divided into four districts: Batanaea, Gaulanitis, Trachonitis and Auranitis.

History

Hebrew Bible

The capture of the city of "Astartu" (thought to be Ashteroth in the land of king Og of Bashan, east of the Jordan River), by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III about 730–727 BCE, as depicted on a palace relief now kept on display at the British Museum.[4]

The Book of Numbers tells that King Og of Bashan came out against the Israelites led by Moses at the time of their entrance into the Promised Land, but was vanquished in battle (Numbers 21:33–35; Deuteronomy 3:1–7).[5] Deuteronomy 3:1–7 states:

Then we turned, and went up the way to Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan came out against us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei. And the LORD said unto me, Fear him not: for I will deliver him, and all his people, and his land, into thy hand; and thou shalt do unto him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon. So the LORD our God delivered into our hands Og also, the king of Bashan, and all his people: and we smote him until none was left to him remaining. And we took all his cities at that time, there was not a city which we took not from them, threescore cities, all the region of Argob, the kingdom of Og in Bashan. All these cities were fenced with high walls, gates, and bars; beside unwalled towns a great many. And we utterly destroyed them, as we did unto Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, women, and children, of every city. But all the cattle, and the spoil of the cities, we took for a prey to ourselves.

Along with the half of Gilead, it was given to the half-tribe of Manasseh (Joshua 13:29–31). According to the Book of Joshua, Golan, one of its cities, became a Levitical city and a city of refuge (Joshua 21:27). Argob, in Bashan, was one of Solomon's commissariat districts (1 Kings 4:13).

In the late-9th century BCE, the cities of Bashan were taken by Hazael, monarch of the Syrian kingdom of Aram-Damascus (2 Kings 10:33), but were soon after reconquered by Jehoash (2 Kings 13:25) who overcame the Syrians in three battles, according to the prophecy of Elisha (2 Kings 13:19).

From this time, Bashan almost disappears from history, although there are biblical references to the wild cattle of its rich pastures (see Ezekiel 39:18, Psalm 22:12 and Amos 4:1), the oaks of its forests (Isaiah 2:13; Ezekiel 27:6; Zechariah 11:2), the beauty of its extensive plains (also in Amos 4:1),[6] Jeremiah 50:19), and the rugged majesty of its mountains (Psalm 68:15). Bashan is also mentioned in 1 Chronicles 5:16: "[The Gadites] lived in Gilead, in Bashan and its outlying villages, and on all the pasturelands of Sharon as far as they extended."

Later periods

The Bashan was ultimately conquered and pillaged by the Neo-Assyrian Empire, which held onto it from 732 to 610 BCE. It later saw security and prosperity under the Achaemenid Empire; its settlements became better developed and culturally Aramaized.

Ugarit

In some Semitic languages bashan (bšn) means serpent. In Ugaritic, masculine and feminine forms are available, bashanim and bashanat are male and female snakes.[7]

References

  1. ^ Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. See [1].
  2. ^ Edward Lipiński (2006). On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches. Peeters Publishers. p. 225. ISBN 978-90-429-1798-9.
  3. ^ a b c Lemche, Niels Peter (2004). Historical dictionary of ancient Israel. Historical dictionaries of ancient civilizations and historical eras. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8108-4848-1.
  4. ^ Jones, Clifford M. (1971). Old Testament Illustrations. CUP Archive. p. 77.
  5. ^ "Bashan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  6. ^ "BibleHub - Amos 4:1". Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  7. ^ Lete, Gregorio Del Olmo (25 September 2013). "2011-KTU 1.82: Another Miscellaneous Incantation/Anti-Witchcraft Text against Snakebite in Ugaritic". Academia.edu. Retrieved 12 February 2024.

Further reading

  • Aharoni, Yohanan (1 January 1979). "The Transjordanian Highlands". The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 36–42. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4.
  • MacDonald, Burton (2000). "Settlement of the Israelite Tribes East of the Jordan". In Matthews, Victor (ed.). East of the Jordan: Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures. American Schools of Oriental Research.
  • Porter, Rev. J. L. (1867). The Giant Cities of Bashan; and Syria's Holy Places.