Out of 2,000 arrested by the Soviet forces, about 600 have disappeared.[1][2] They are presumed to have been executed and buried in an unknown location in present-day Russia or Belarus.[2][3] Polish Institute of National Remembrance has declared the 1945 Augustów roundup "the largest crime committed by the Soviets on Polish lands after World War II".[1] The crime has been called "second Katyn", "small Katyn", "little Katyn" or "Podlaski Katyn" in today's Poland, in reference to the Katyn massacre that occurred in 1940.[2][4]
In the aftermath of the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, the Polish government evacuated to the West and created the Polish Underground State. While no war was declared between Poland and the Soviet Union, the relations were tense, and eventually broke down in 1943 in the aftermath of the revelations of the Katyn massacre. The Soviets eventually created their own Polish communist puppet government, the Polish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN) and refused to deal with the Underground State just like they refused to deal with the government-in-exile; its leaders and soldiers on "liberated" Polish territories were persecuted.[5] While the Underground State's military arm, Armia Krajowa, officially disbanded on January 19, 1945, to avoid armed conflict with the Soviets and a civil war, some refused to lay down their arms; others found it simply difficult to return to civilian life, as those with ties to non-communist resistance were discriminated against by the authorities.[5][6][7]
More than 2,000[1][10] Polish (some estimate as many as 7,000[8][9]) alleged anti-communist fighters and sympathizers were arrested and interrogated in two waves of mass arrests.[1][9] The majority were detained in Russian internment camps. The last ones were released and returned to Poland in 1956.[8] 600 have disappeared, their fate uncertain to this day.[1] More recent research puts the number of those disappeared at 592 or 593.[2] They include 27 women (including pregnant ones) and 15 teenagers.[8] The "Augustów Missing" are presumed to have been executed and buried in an unknown location in present-day Russia.[2]
Despite demands from many Polish citizens for this incident to be investigated, it was denied by both the Soviet and Polish communist governments. As late as the 1980s, the last decade of the Polish People's Republic, government representative Jerzy Urban declared that the Polish government had "no evidence to support the theory that a group of Polish citizens disappeared in the Augustów region in 1945."[1][9] After the fall of communism, the new Polish government supported the investigation, carried out by the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), which classified it as a communist crime.[2] While it is commonly accepted that the Soviet Union, backed by communist Polish forces, arrested and likely executed approximately 600 Polish citizens connected to the anti-communist resistance, no conclusive information on their exact fate and resting place has yet been found.[1] In 1995 the Russian government confirmed that 590 Polish citizens were arrested and 579 were put on trial, but that there is no information on their subsequent fate.[8][9] In 2005 IPN noted that the research possibilities on Polish territory had been exhausted; even the archives of Polish secret services involved in the operations were analysed but contained only cursory information that they were aiding the Soviets without being given much information.[9] However, Polish requests to the Russian government for support in the investigation were not productive, and many have been ignored.[1] A symbolic monument has been built in the village of Giby, where a mass grave was found (these were later proven to belong to German soldiers from a nearby field hospital).[2][8]
In May 2011, Russian historian Nikita Petrov declared that he found a KGB document proving that the Poles were executed by NKVD.[2] This has evoked interest in Polish mainstream press and from the IPN, which declared that it would seek the documents located by Pietrov for further analysis.[2] On 18 April 2012 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance announced that it has received the Soviet-era documents concerning the executions.[4]
Gallery
One of several tablets in Giby, containing the names of the disappeared (murdered) Polish citizens
Monument to the victims of Augustów chase in Giby, reading: "Died for being Poles"
Site of the monument to the victims of Augustów chase in Giby (Podlaskie Voivodeship). Memorial procession visible in the background.
Monument to the victims of Augustów chase in Suwałki
^Bohdan Kwiatkowski, Sabotaż i dywersja, Bellona, London 1949, vol.1, p.21; as cited by Marek Ney-Krwawicz, The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939-45). Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
