The line conforms to the funicular principle, with two cars permanently attached to opposite ends of a haulage cable, which is looped over a pulley at the upper end of the track. Unusually, traction is provided by electric motors on the two cars, which are themselves powered through an overhead wire. The cable links the two cars together so that they ascend and descend simultaneously, each car acting as a counterweight for the other one.[citation needed]
History
One of the tram cars as seen at the beginning of the 20th centuryThe funicular along the Bairro Alto leg in 1957The graffiti-painted tram, passing along the hill in 2015Video
In 1875, a concession was granted the Nova Companhia dos Ascensores Mecânicos de Lisboa to construct a tram along the Calçada da Glória.[1] The concession's chief engineer was Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard. Work began in 1882.[1]
The completed lift was inaugurated on 24 October 1885, initially run by a water-powered counterweight system, and replaced with a steam-powered mechanism by 1886.[1] The track included two cars with exterior wheels, and a central cable that was held by protective shoes. The interior was divided into two floors, with two benches on the lower facing the interior and two on the upper back-to-back.[1]
In 1912, the Nova Companhia dos Ascensores Mecânicos de Lisboa (NCAML) signed with the Municipal Council of Lisbon a contract that allowed them to electrify the lines.[1] These repairs and installations occurred between 1914 and 1915, before returning to operation.[1]
In 1926, the Nova Companhia dos Ascensores Mecânicos de Lisboa was dissolved, and the funicular became a property of the Companhia Carris.[1] As part of the change, in 1927, a shelter was inaugurated for passengers, which was constructed along the Praça dos Restauradores, which was contested. It was demolished in 1934.[1]
On 1 August 1995, Carris presented a proposal to classify the line as a heritage site, to which the IPPAR consultative council proposed the classification of the tram as a National Monument on 11 March 1997.[1] A dispatch on 9 April 1997 ordered the approval by the Minister of Culture. The DRLisboa proposed the expansion of the classification to a building on Travessa do Fala-Só and rectification of the law, which was approved on 7 January 2003 by IPPAR.[1]
Architecture
The tram system is situated in an urban area, along an axis that slopes 17.7%, that extends from the Avenida da Liberdade to the Rua de São Pedro de Alcântara, crossing a built-up area of 19th century buildings, including the Palácio Foz and the Misericórdia of Lisboa.[1]
The funicular includes two cars that operate parallel along two axes, that descend and climb simultaneously.[1] The trams are inclined to allow patrons to maintain a level perspective, with seats oriented longitudinally.[1]
^ abcdefghijklmVale, Teresa; Ferreira, Maria; Matias, Cecília (1999), SIPA (ed.), Ascensor da Glória (IPA.00003986/PT031106150376) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA –Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 17 February 2016, retrieved 11 February 2016
Sources
O Occidente, vol. VIII, 1885
Capitão, Maria Amélia Motta (1974), Subsídios para a História dos Transportes Terrestres em Lisboa no Século XIX (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Larange, José (1993), O Ascensor da Glória. Lisboa (in Portuguese) (Série II, Ano III ed.), CCFL
Larange, José (1993), O Ascensor da Glória. Lisboa (in Portuguese), O Livro da Carris
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