Arcturos (Greek: Αρκτούρος, Ancient Greek: Ἀρκτοῦρος) means "Guardian of the Bear", from ἄρκτος (arktos), "bear" and οὖρος (ouros), "watcher, guardian". The name is taken from the star Arcturus, the fourth-brightest star in the Northern Hemisphere.[10]
The star is associated with the Ancient Greek myth of Arcas, a young man who was about to shoot his own mother, Callisto, not realizing she had been turned into a bear. Zeus rescued Callisto by placing her in the sky as the constellation Ursa Major, and Arcas became Arcturus, a star in the Boötes constellation, known in Ancient Greece as Arctophylax (Ἀρκτοφύλαξ) or "Bear Protector."[11]
Contributions
Animal welfare and nature conservation
In 1997, Arcturos was a key proponent in the passing of laws prohibiting the use of animals in circuses and of dancing bears.[1] Despite listings as protected species in both Greek and European Unionlaw, bears and wolves are still killed by humans, out of fear that the animals can harm livestock and cause property damage.[12][13][14]
Since 1993, the organization has operated wildlife sanctuaries for Eurasian brown bears and Eurasian wolves that cannot be reintroduced into the wild, often as a result of injury or of being raised in captivity.[15][16][17] At one time, the bear sanctuary included "three bears from circuses, five from a zoo, three orphans and one blind bear."[8] More recently a sanctuary for Eurasian lynxes was also created.[18][19] Arcturos has an Emergency Response Team (ERT) that attends to injured animals and car accidents involving wildlife.[20][21] Injured or sick animals are taken to the Veterinary Centre in Aetos.[22]
The organization has also supported a breeding program for traditional Greek Shepherd dogs since 1998.[23] Aiming to reduce wildlife-human conflict, in which livestock farmers, whose herds graze in the native habitats of large carnivores, would trap or kill bears and wolves, often with poisoned bait, these dogs are given for a small fee (corresponding to the cost of early vaccinations) to farmers across the country for use as livestock guardians.[24][15][1][25] These dogs have lived and worked in the region for centuries and have also been dwindling in number, with only 3,000 estimated left in the world.[26][27] Conservationists at the organization therefore consider the program an effort to maintain both the breed and the traditional biodiversity of the region, and every year about 50 puppies are born in the program.[26][17]
The organization also lobbies against road planning that threatens the local environment and plants trees in bald woodland areas in afforestation efforts.[16][4]
Environmental Education
The Bear Information Centre in the village of Nymfaio accept visits from the public, where programs promote preventive measures for cooperative living in bear-heavy regions.[28][29]
Scientific research
Arcturos has been conducting genetic studies of the population of brown bears in Greece since 2003.[30] In 2005, it launched the Hellenic Bear Register which has identified and monitored the movements of hundreds of bears using DNA samples collected from special hair-traps on utility poles.[1][4][8] It also monitors bear populations using automatic motion capture systems in the Pindus and Rhodope mountains, as well as via telemetry with transmitter collars. In 2015, scientists documented a significant increase in Greece’s bear population since the start of the millennium: “With more than 450 registered bears, Greece’s bear population is considered one of the most significant in the Balkan region."[8]
The brown bear sanctuary opened in 1993[4][16] and is located near the village of Nymfaio at an altitude of 1,350 metres (4,430 ft). It consists of a 50,000 square metres (12 acres) fenced area[28][4] of a natural beech forest. A special area of the sanctuary is dedicated to young orphan bears with the aim to release them into the wild.[2][32][5] This sanctuary was also home to the oldest brown bear ever recorded, a male bear named Andreas who died in 2013 at the age of 50.[33]
Wolf & Lynx Conservation Area
A separate sanctuary houses wolves and lynxes that cannot be reintroduced into the wild. It is located near the village of Agrapidies, at an altitude of 650 metres (2,130 ft) and consists of a 70,000 square metres (17 acres) fenced area of natural oak forest.[28][17] It was created in 1993, at first only for wolves.[16] A separate fenced enclosure for lynxes was created in 2021, after a group of 3 lynxes and 4 wolves were rescued from a zoo in Andorra.[18][19]
^Kunitzsch, Paul; Smart, Tim (2006). A Dictionary of Modern star Names: A Short Guide to 254 Star Names and Their Derivations (2nd revised ed.). Cambridge, MA: Sky Pub. p. 19. ISBN978-1-931559-44-7.
