Antonín Pulda (9 March 1848 – 3 October 1894) was a Czech actor, theatre director, translator, playwright and author of farces and operetta librettos.
Early life
He was a son of a Prague miller. He attended collage in Prague. He was self-taught in foreign languages, literature, history and art history.[citation needed]
Provisional Theatre
Pulda in 1880
He became one of the leading figures of the Provisional Theatre, influencing strongly the style and repertoire. His not very attractive but distinctive appearance[1] did not allow him to become an actor of lovers’ leads. As a stage director, he was an extraordinary success in staging contemporary French dramas. He had a great understanding of wit of conversational dialogue and a sense for the intimacy of parlour plays.[2]
There, he soon recognized the talent of young actress Maria Pospischil. Pulda, an very intelligent and experienced teacher, brought out the performing skills of Pospischil in surprising depths.[3]: 104 The first role he coated her in was the role of Louisa in Friedrich Schiller's drama Intrigue and Love and she rose to become one of the leading actresses of the Provisional Theatre. Pulda continued guiding her artistically for many years, they became lovers and eventually partners[4] He worked with her on most of her parts at the beginning of her career, both in Czech and German.
National Theatre
After the transformation into the National Theatre and the installation of a new director, František Šubert, he lost this influence. He was neither close in opinion to Šubert, nor did he get along with the dramaturge Ladislav Stroupežnický.[5]
He was ambitious and aspired to the position of the National Theatre director.[6]
In 1894, on Stroupežnický's instructions, director Šubert did not assign him the direction of the highly expected new French melodrama, Ohnet's The Ironmaster, but gave the tast to director Jakub Seifert. Šubert also assigned the role of Claire, the female lead to Marie Bittnerová, who got on well with Šubert, and the supporting role of Athenaida to Maria Pospischil, Pulda's lover and Bittnerová's competition. Her recent considerable success in the role of Queen Elizabeth of Pomerania in a comedy A Night at Karlštejn got her to a spotlight.[7]
Subsequently, dramaturge Stroupežnický attacked Pulda during a rehearsal for Hugo's drama Marion de Lorme with Pospichil in was the title role. Stroupežnický began to demand new changes of the text, which Pulda felt was an attack on his interpretation of the play. He was replaced by Seifert in the position of the director.[7]
Shortly afterwards he was accused of initiating a public rebellion of actress Maria Pospischil against the director. Before the premiere of The Ironmaster in December 1884 Pospischil had a fierce fight with Šubert in his office and subsequently published her critical opinion on conditions at the theatre: "The systematic killing of my talent and my health by the director of the National Theatre, Mr. František Šubert, pushed me to resign immediately. I will explain the details of the behind-the-scenes intrigues and love affairs of which I am the victim to my beloved audience later, when I am of a cooler mind," hinting on Šubert's love affairs as he was famous for having sexual relationships with actresses.[8] This quote was both published in newspapers and handed out in the National Theatre on the day of Marie Bittnerová's performance. Both, she and Pulda, were dismissed.[9]: 35 They tried to reconcile with Šubert, but in vain. Šubert did not accept their apology.[9]: 67 Both, Pulda and Pospischil were fired. They tried to reconcile with the theatre management and publicly apologized, but Šubert refused to accept their apology.[4] Pospischil, although later she was repeatedly asked about the reasons for her actions and choice of words, never commented on this topic.
Later, director Šubert repeatedly called Pulda "unnecessary" or "average", which caused controversy and seemed inappropriate among theatre insiders, especially after Pulda's death in 1894.[10]
Later life
He thought of setting up another theatre in Prague for himself and his protégé Pospischil (the only Czech theatre in Prague being the National Theatre at that time), but he wasn't able to follow through.[11]
He went with Pospischil to Berlin and later to Vienna. He tried to break through as an actor, but despite his excellent knowledge of German, he failed. He remained with Pospischil and he accompanied her on German stages as her impresario and secretary. [12]
Without a stable engagement, he suffered from existential uncertainty and his Prague family lived in poverty. Pospischil supported them.[citation needed]
In the last phase of his life he suffered from tuberculosis, he was being treated North Italian spas. Pospischil supported him financially. He died suddenly of a severe stroke in 1894 at his wife's home in Prague.[citation needed]
Other activities
Pulda translated over a hundred plays into Czech. He is the author of several of his own theatre texts.[13]
In 1876–1877 he worked on the libretto for the musical comedy Indian Princess based on the comedy Die Prinzessin von Calambo by August von Kotzebue. The music was composed by Karel Bendl. Indian Princess is considered the first original Czech operetta. In 1907, Pulda's libretto was replaced by a new one by Karel Mašek. The construction of the original libretto seemed weak, the situations vague, and the verse and prose flimsy. The humor was strongly rooted at the time of its creation and 30 years later it was worn out. However, the new libretto was not received positively.[citation needed]
Private life
He met his future wife, actress Marie Šímová in 1863 in a little Prague theatre "U Zlatého anděla" producing tragedy Magelóna by Josef Jiří Kolár where she played the leading female role.[11] With his wife Marie he had three children. Son Jaroslav and daughter Augusta also became actors. Son Vratislav died prematurely.
He maintained a friendly relationship with actress Maria Pospischil, his former theatre pupil. After they both left the National Theatre, Pulda left his wife and children and toured Poland with Pospischil and later lived with her in Berlin and Vienna. They were rumored to have a love affair, which is probable as they lived together for almost a decade [14]. He returned to Prague in late 1894 and died soon after his homecoming.
References
^ Otokar Fischer, Činohra Národního divadla do r. 1900. p. 35.
^Eva Šormová a.i., Česká činohra 19. a začátku 20. století: Osobnosti; , II. Part: N-Ž. p. 787.
^Novák, Ladislav (1944). Stará garda Národního divadla: Činohra-opera-balet [The Old Guard of the National Theatre: Drama, Opera, Ballet] (in Czech). Prague: Jos. R. Vilímek.
^ abVáclav Štech, Džungle literární a divadelní. p. 35.
^Otokar Fischer, Činohra Národního divadla do r. 1900. p. 75.
^ Otokar Fischer, Činohra Národního divadla do r. 1900. p. 70.
^ abKarel Engelmüller, O slávě herecké, Z letopisů českého divadelnictví II. p. 64.
^Anna Lauermannová-Mikschová, Diaries. Literary heritage in the archive of Památník národního písemnictví.
^ abKonečná, Hana (1984). Čtení o Národním divadle: útržky dějin a osudů [Reading about the National Theatre: scraps of history and destinies] (in Czech). Prague: Odeon.
^Ignát Herrmann, Z poslední galerie, Divadelní kritiky Vavřince Lebedy II. p. 409.
^ abAntonín Pulda’s obituary, Národní listy. 4 October 1894, p. 4.
