Admiralty in the 17th century
During the early 17th century, England's relative naval power deteriorated; in the course of the rest of the 17th century, the office of the Admiralty and Marine Affairs steered the Navy's transition from a semi-amateur Navy Royal fighting in conjunction with private vessels into a fully professional institution, a Royal Navy. Its financial provisions were gradually regularised, it came to rely on dedicated warships only, and it developed a professional officer corps with a defined career structure, superseding an earlier mix of sailors and socially prominent former soldiers.[ 1]
Historical overview
Sovereign of the Seas After 1603 the English and Scottish fleets were organized together under James I but the efficiency of the Navy declined gradually, while corruption grew until brought under control in an inquiry of 1618. James concluded a peace with Spain and privateering was outlawed. Between 1618 and 1628, a Navy Commission temporarily replaced the Navy Board, due to misappropriation of public funds by board commissioners. After the inquiry was over the office of the Lord High Admiral (held by the Duke of Buckingham ) was restored. However, he was murdered and King Charles I put the office into commission. This led to the creation of a new Board of Admiralty which in its early formation was just the Privy Council in another reincarnation. This in turn also led to the removal of the Admiralty Court from direct control of the Lord High Admiral's. His office was temporarily restored again in 1638, but then put in commission once more after 1679 the Lords Commissioners of Admiralty became the permanent officers responsible for administration of the Navy.
Organization in the seventeenth century
Admiralty of England
Commanders-in-chief
Naval Lords of England
Civil administration of the Navy
Notes: the Secretary of State England for the period 1628 to 1679 was responsible for all policy decisions and direction on behalf of the government due to a continued state of war .
Board of Admiralty
The Board of Admiralty and the Lord's Commissioners executing the office of the Lord High Admiral [ 2]
First Commissioner and First Lord of the Admiralty
First Lord of the Admiralty , and member of the English government
Clerk of the Admiralty
Messenger of the Admiralty, appointed, 1687[ 3]
Housekeeper of the Admiralty appointed (1687 – 1799)
Doorkeeper of the Admiralty, 1687[ 4]
Gardner of the Admiralty appointed (1687 – 1799) Civil Commissioner
Naval Commissioner
Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty
91 commissioners served during the 17th century.
Notes: Between 1693 and 1830 the commission always included either 1 or 2 additional naval lords except from 1757 until 1782 when it was just the Senior Naval Lord. After 1830 the Naval Lords are titled, First, Second, Third, Fourth until 1904 when they are re-styled Sea Lord. A junior naval lord is introduced in 1868 until 1903 then is re-styled Fifth Sea Lord from 1917.
Naval operations
Senior leadership
Naval High Command
Fleet commands
Flag officers of the fleet
Flag officers commanding fleets and stations
Flag officer commanding individual fleets and stations
Home commands
Admiral Commanding, the Narrow Seas , (1412-1688)Admiral/Vice-Admiral Commanding, in the Channel . (1512-1746)[ 12] Commander-in-Chief, the Downs , (1628-1834)Commander-in-Chief, Medway , (1698-1699) [ 13] Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth (1667-1969)Commander, Royal Squadron , (1660-1995)Commander-in-Chief, Thames , (1695-1696)Commander-in-Chief, Western Squadron , (1650-1854)
Shore commands
Overseas commands
Fleet units
Composition of the Navy between 1649-1690
Type
Number of units [ 14]
Ships of the Line 1st rate
7
Ships of the Line 2nd rate
11
Ships of the Line 3rd rate
40
Ships of the Line 4th rate
19
Ships of the Line 5th-6th rate
26
Captured ships of the line
10
Sloops
22
Armed merchants
29
Flyboats
28
Galliots & hoys
22
Fireships
111
Bomb vessels
17
Hospital ships
4
Yachts
25
In commission
361
Squadrons [ 15]
Red Squadron
White Squadron
Blue Squadron
Administrative and logistical support
Board of ordnance
Principal officers
Board of Ordnance [ 16]
Ordnance yards and stores
Home ordinance yards
Gunpowder magazines stores
Navy board
Construction, design, maintenance, supplies
Principal officers
Subsidiary boards of navy board
Shore facilities
Note: Dockyards during this period were managed by the commissioners of the Navy Board .
Home naval base and dockyards [ 19]
Oversea bases and dockyards
Judicial administration
Note:Admiralty Courts date to at least the 1360s, during the reign of Edward III . At that time there were three such Courts, appointed by Admirals responsible for waters to the north, south and west of England. In 1483 these local courts were amalgamated into a single High Court of Admiralty, administered by the Lord High Admiral of England. [ 20]
Admiralty courts
Legal advisors to the admiralty courts
High court of the admiralty
Office of the High Court of the Admiralty Court (1450 – 1875)[ 22] [ 23]
Vice admiralty courts
The Vice-Admiral of the Coast [ 24] England , the North and South of Wales . As a Vice-Admiral, the post holder was the chief of naval administration for his district. His responsibilities included deciding the outcome of the Prize court (captured by pirate ships), dealing with salvage claims for wrecks, and acting as a judge in relation to maritime issues.
Vice Admiralty jurisdictions and prizes abroad
By appointing Vice-Admirals in the colonies, and by constituting courts as Vice-Admiralty Courts, the terminology recognized the existence and superiority of the "mother" court in the United Kingdom. Thus, the "vice" tag denoted that whilst it was a separate court, it was not equal to the "mother" court. In the case of the courts abroad, a right of appeal lay back to the British Admiralty Court, which further reinforced this superiority. In all respects, the court was an Imperial court rather than a local Colonial court.
North America
West Indies
See also
References
^ Rodger, Safeguard , pp. 395–8; Rodger, Command , pp. 33–55, 95–122Ollard, 1984, ch.16;
^ Sainty, J. C. "Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870" . british-history.ac.uk . British History Online, University of London, Institute of Historical Research,1975. Retrieved 3 November 2016 . ^ Davies, J. D. (2008). Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89 . Seaforth Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1783830220 ^ Davies, J. D. (2008). Pepys's Navy Ships, Men and Warfare 1649-89 . Seaforth Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 978-1783830220 ^ Ehrman, John (2012). The Navy in the War of William III 1689-1697: Its State and Direction 289– 290. ISBN 9781107645110 ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713 ISBN 9781602062672 ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole ISBN 9781400874637 ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713 ISBN 9781602062672 ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole ISBN 9781400874637 ^ Corbett, Sir Julian Sir Julian (2007). England in the Mediterranean: A Study of the Rise and Influence of British Power Within the Straits, 1603-1713 ISBN 9781602062672 ^ Baugh, Daniel A. (2015). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole ISBN 9781400874637 ^ Nelson, Arthur (2001). The Tudor navy : the ships, men and organisation 1485 - 1603 . London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 134. ISBN 9780851777856 ^ Stewart, William (2009). Admirals of the World: A Biographical Dictionary, 1500 to the Present ISBN 9780786438099 ^ Davies, J.D. (2008). Pepys's navy : ships, men & warfare, 1649-1689 . Barnsley: Seaforth Pub. pp. 49– 62. ISBN 9781848320147 ^ "Information sheet no 055, Squadron colours" (PDF) . nmrn-portsmouth.org.uk . National Museum of the Royal Navy, 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016 .^ ^ Sainty, J. C. "Navy Treasurer c. 1546-1836, A provisional list compiled by J C Sainty, January 2003" . history.ac.uk . The Institute of Historical Research, University of London, 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2016 . ^ Sainty, J. C. "Navy Clerk of the Acts 1546 to 1660" . history.ac.uk . The Institute of Historical Research, University of London. Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "Royal Naval dockyard staff" . nationalarchives.gov.uk . The National Archives, 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016 . ^ Senior, W. (1924). "The Mace of the Admiralty Court". The Mariner's Mirror . 10 (1): 52. doi :10.1080/00253359.1924.10655256 . ^ The Nautical Magazine: A Technical and Critical Journal for the Officers of the Mercantile Marine ^ Sainty, J C. "Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4, Admiralty Officials 1660-1870. Originally published by University of London, London, 1975" . british-history.ac.uk . Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Studie, University of London, 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2016 . ^ Archives, The National. "High Court of Admiralty - The National Archives" . The National Archives . The National Archives. Retrieved 16 January 2017 . ^ Baker, Sherston (Dec 20, 2010). Office of vice-admiral of the coast : being some account of that ancient office . [S.l.]: Gale Ecco, Making Of Mode. pp. 1– 153. ISBN 9781240154067
Sources
The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 George IV. 1822 . London: By His Majesty's Statute and Law Printer. 1822.Hamilton, Admiral Sir. R. Vesey, G.C.B. (1896). Naval Administration: The Constitution, Character, and Functions of the Board of Admiralty, and of the Civil Departments it Directs . London: George Bell and Sons.
Logan, Karen Dale (1976). The Admiralty: Reforms and Re-organization, 1868-1892 . Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. University of Oxford.
Miller, Francis H. (1884). The Origin and Constitution of the Admiralty and Navy Boards, to which is added an Account of the various Buildings in which the Business of the Navy has been transacted from time to time . London: For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Copy in Greene Papers. National Maritime Museum. GEE/19.
Rodger. N.A.M. (1979), The Admiralty (offices of state) , T. Dalton, Lavenham, ISBN 978-0900963940 .
External links
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Principal officers
Lieutenant of the Admiralty , (1546-1564)Treasurer of Marine Causes , (1546-1564)Comptroller of the Navy , (1546-1660)Surveyor of the Navy , (1546-1832)Clerk of the Navy , (1546-1660)Master of Naval Ordnance , (1546-1589)Keeper of the Storehouses , (1546-1560)Surveyor of Marine Victuals , (1550-1679)Treasurer of the Navy and Senior Commissioner , (1564-1660)Comptroller of the Navy and Chairman of the Board , (1660-1832)Treasurer of the Navy , (1660-1832)Clerk of the Acts , (1660-1796)Controller of Treasurer Accounts , (1667-1796)Controller of Victualling Accounts , (1667-1796)Controller of Storekeepers Accounts , (1671-1796)Comptroller of Victualling and Transport Services , (1800-1832)Commissioners for Current Business , (1686-1688)Commissioners for Old Accounts , 1686-1688)Commissioners for Examining Accounts (Incurred) , (1688-1689)Deputy Comptroller of the Navy , (1793-1813), (1829-1832)Pay Commissioner , (1796-1814)Civil Architect and Engineer of the Navy , (1808-1812)Surveyor of Buildings , (1813-1832)Surveyor of Dockyards , (1813-1832)Accountant-General of the Navy , (1829-32)Superintendent of Transport , (1829-1831)Storekeeper-General of the Navy , (1829-32) Subsidiary boards Resident Commissioners
Resident Commissioner, Chatham Dockyard , (1631-1829)Resident Commissioner, Portsmouth Dockyard , (1649-1829)Resident Commissioner, Woolwich Dockyard ,(1688-1828)Resident Commissioner, Plymouth Dockyard , (1691-1822)Resident Commissioner, Deptford Dockyard , (1714-1823)Resident Commissioner, Sheerness Dockyard , (1793-1822)Resident Commissioner, Devonport Dockyard , (1823-1832) Resident Commissioners
Resident Commissioner, Jamaica Yard , (1675-1832)Resident Commissioner, Cadiz Yard, (1694)
Resident Commissioner, Bombay Yard Resident Commissioner, Kinsale Yard , (1694-1713)Resident Commissioner, Gibraltar Yard , (1704-1832)Resident Commissioner, Antigua Yard , (1707-1832)Resident Commissioner, Ascension Yard , (1728-1832)Resident Commissioner, Port Mahon Yard , (1742-1763)Resident Commissioner, Halifax Yard , (1759-1832)Resident Commissioner, Barbados Yard , (1779-1783, 1810)Resident Commissioner, Kingston Yard , (1783-1832)Resident Commissioner, Ajaccio Yard , (1794-1799)Resident Commissioner, Bermuda Dockyard , (1795-1832)Resident Commissioner, Amherstburg Yard , (1796-1813)Resident Commissioner, Quebec Yard , (1804-1826)Resident Commissioner, Malta Dockyard , (1805-1832)Resident Commissioner, Madras Yard , (1808-1817)Resident Commissioner, Cape of Good Hope Yard , (1808-1822)Resident Commissioner, Bombay Dockyard , (1808-1816)Resident Commissioner, Trincomalee Dockyard , (1810-1832) Offices
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