Abul Mansur Ahmad (Bengali: আবুল মনসুর আহমদ, pronounced[abulmɔnsuɾaɦmɔd̪]; born Ahmad Ali Farazi, 3 September 1898 – 18 March 1979) was a Bangladeshi politician, lawyer, journalist and writer.
Ahmad began as an Indian National Congress worker in Bengal. He participated in the Khilafat Movement in his early youth. A strong advocate of peasant rights, disappointed by the Congress's negligence to Muslim peasants, like many other Muslim Congress workers of Bengal, he left the Congress and founded the Praja Samity (later the Krishak-Praja Samity), a peasant welfare organisation and its political arm the Krishak-Praja Party (KPP). He became a major organiser of the KPP in the greater Mymensingh district region. As the KPP president A K Fazlul Huq took office as the first prime minister of Bengal, after the 1937 provincial elections, Ahmad became one of his closest confidantes. Disheartened by KPP's failure in the government, he inclined towards the thriving Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement in the early 1940s. He realised that Pakistan is inevitable and urged the KPP workers to join the Muslim League, fearing a feudal elite and clergy domination in its leadership.
Ahmad was dismayed by the Muslim League government in East Pakistan. He joined the Awami Muslim League (later the Awami League), a dissident offshoot of the Muslim League. He proposed the Jukta Front coalition for the 1954 provincial elections and also authored its 21-points election manifesto. The Jukta Front won a landslide victory in the election and he was elected to the legislative assembly. He was a major critic of the Pakistan Constitution assembly debate in 1956. He served as the Minister of Commerce and Industry in the Suhrawardy cabinet of the central Government of Pakistan, also occasionally serving as the acting prime minister.
Ahmad was an author of stories, novels, and political satires. He also wrote extensively on politics, culture, and history. He argued that despite sharing the same Bengali language, Muslims of Bengal, primarily in East Bengal (often referred by him as 'Muslim Bengal'), had developed and cultivated a distinct Perso-Arabic-influenced Bengali Muslim culture in parallel to the Hindu culture cultivated by the Hindus of Bengal. In his writings, he used the East Bengal dialect of Bengali and the Perso-Arabic words used by the Muslims of Bengal, for which he suffered discrimination on occasions. He saw Pakistan as an opportunity for flourishing East Bengal's culture. As a member of the Pakistan Renaissance Society, he provided a vision for East Bengal's literary ideal.
As a journalist and politician, Ahmad observed and was involved in many crucial political events of Bengal and India at large. At different stages of his career, he was a confidante to many leading political figures of Bengal, including A K Fazlul Huq, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. He was an important intermediary in many political arbitrations. His magnum opusAmar Dekha Rajneetir Panchash Bachhar (Fifty Years of Politics As I Saw It) (1969) is a first-hand chronicle and a critique of the politics of Bengal spanning his career.
Ahmad was born Ahmad Ali Farazi[2] on 3 September 1898, at Dhanikhola, a village in the Mymensingh district of Bengal Province in British India (now in Bangladesh), to Abdur Rahim Farazi and Mir Jahan Begum.[1] Before Ahmad's birth, Mymensingh used to be an important centre of the Tariqah-i-Muhammadiya, an early nineteenth-century anti-British movement led by Sayyid Ahmad Shahid and Shah Ismail Dehlvi.[3] Both the paternal and maternal sides of his family had strong Ahl-i Hadith connections and were among the earliest four families in the region to subscribe to the cause, thus earning the title Farazi.[4][a] Frequented by the local Wahhabi leaders, his paternal home served as the preaching centre of Wahhabism in that area. His paternal grandfather's brother Ashek Ullah was among the few who volunteered from Bengal to fight against the Sikhs, led by Barelvi, in the North-West Frontier Province (now the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan)—also said to had taken part in the infamous Battle of Balakot.[6]
Ahmad developed resentment against the landowners (zamindars) early in his childhood. In Bengal zamindars were predominantly Hindu at that time. He regarded the treatment of Muslim peasants not only by the zamindars but the Hindu community in general as discriminatory.
After his early schooling at nearby schools, in 1913 Ahmad moved to the Mymensingh town (also called Nasirabad), his district headquarter, for further studies. There he entered the Mrityunjay School,[7] from where he matriculated in 1917, securing first division and a scholarship,[8] and moved to Dhaka, the principal town in East Bengal, for further studies. He entered Jagannath College and found residence at a house in old Dhaka in an arrangement called jaigir.[9] Inspired by the professor of Logic, Umesh Chandra Bhattacharya, he began studying philosophical texts of John Stuart Mill, Ramendra Sundar Tribedi, Hiren Dutta, Brajen Seal, Annie Besant, etc.[10] He took the Intermediate exam from there in 1919.[11] Then he completed Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Dhaka College in 1921. After a pause in studies, due to his political activism, he entered Ripon College (later renamed to Surendranath College) in Kolkata, capital of the Bengal province, in 1926 to study Law and passed the BL examination in 1929.[12]
British India
While a student at Dhaka College, in 1920 Ahmad attended the Khilafat Conference, attended by the all-India Khilafat leaders, held in Dhaka, as a volunteer.[13] As the Khilafat Movement and the Non-cooperation Movement joined forces later that year, Ahmad got involved in it.[14] Inspired by the 'back to village' policy of the movement, he and a few of his friends left Dhaka and returned to his village in Mymensingh.[15] They established a village co-operative, a free 'national' high school and a weaving school.[15] He served as the headmaster of the high school and his friend Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, who joined him from Kolkata, became its assistant headmaster.[15] However, within a year the movement lost momentum as the leader of the movement, Mohandas Gandhi, terminated Non-cooperation after the Chauri Chaura incident.[16] Ahmad left his village and returned to Mymensingh town and took job at a national high school.[17]
Ahmad visited Kolkata in mid-1922 to attend a provincial Khilafat Committee conference and also to find a job in a newspaper.[18] Advised by his friend Shamsuddin, who had returned to Kolkata and was editing the Moslem Jagat, he started publishing articles in the 'Muslim newspapers', mainly in the Sultan and the Mohammadi, and frequenting their offices. Shamsuddin's Moslem Jagat published his long serial treatise Diarchy in Civilisation, criticising the Government of India Act 1919.[19] He caught the attention of Maniruzzaman Islamabadi, owner of the Sultan. Islamabadi offered him a job as assistant editor in his newspaper.[20] Ahmad left Mymensingh and settled in Kolkata to work for the Sultan.[21]
As Ahmad joined Sultan, Chittaranjan Das brought about the Bengal Pact, a scheme for increasing Muslim representation in the public employments by reserving quotas for them.[21] As a result, communal Hindu political and intellectual leaders lampooned Das in speeches and newspaper articles.[22] Ahmad wrote articles in Sultan in defence of the pact.[21] As Islamabadi, a strong supporter of Das and his Swaraj Party, feared that opponents of the pact may oppose it in the 1924 Congress provincial conference in Sirajganj, he sent Ahmad to Sirajganj prior to the conference charged with building support for the pact.[23]
Ahmad joined Maulana Akram Khan's Mohammadi in 1924.[24] In 1926 he was sacked from the Mohammadi.[25] He began editing a new weekly called Khadem.[26]
The Krishak-Praja Party
Ahmad joined the Congress movement under Subhas Chandra Bose. However, frustrated with the Congress's negligence to the peasant cause, particularly after Chittaranjan Das's death in 1925, he left the Congress and joined the Praja Samity, founded in 1929 by Maulana Akram Khan and others.[27] He returned to Mymensingh in 1929 to organise the Praja Samity and practice law there until 1938. The Praja Samity eventually became a major political force in Mymensingh, with Ahmad as a leading organiser. It secured 64 out of the 72 seats in the district's Local Board elections.[28] As contention arose among the senior and youth leadership about choosing the succeeding president, Ahmad sided with the youth faction, supporting A K Fazlul Huq. In 1936 A K Fazlul Huq was elected president of Praja Samity and the organisation was renamed to Krishak-Praja Samity.[29]
The Krishak-Praja Samity's political wing the Krishak-Praja Party (KPP) set out to participate in the 1937 Bengal Legislative Assembly elections. Ahmad drafted the party's 14-point election manifesto.[29] The two other major competitors in the election, the Congress and the Muslim League had organisation all over India, while the KPP was a provincial party. A delegation, with Ahmad as a member, was charged with forging an electoral alliance between the KPP and the Muslim League prior to the election. The delegation met with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the president of the All-India Muslim League, several times in Kolkata.[30] However, the alliance was unsuccessful as Jinnah refused to accept KPP's demand for abolishing landownership without compensation.[31] He viewed that peasants will benefit only through a strong Muslim unity and personally advised Ahmad: 'take it from me without Muslim solidarity you will never be able to do any good to them (peasants)'.[32]
None of the major parties, the Muslim League, the Congress, and the KPP, won a majority in the election. The KPP sought a coalition with the Congress; the Congress also initially agreed. The Congress election manifesto promised to release the political prisoners. As the governor of the province, appointed by the British government, held right to veto cabinet decisions, the Congress was resolved to resign from the cabinet had he vetoed on this issue. During the negotiations, Ahmad insisted that the cabinet mustn't resign on that occasion as he feared in that case the cabinet would be resigning without fulfilling any KPP commitments to the interest of peasants.[33] Congress refused to compromise on this and the coalition couldn't happen.[34] As a result, the KPP took office in coalition with the Muslim League, dominated by feudal elites and rich merchants.[35] Though the KPP leader Huq became the prime minister, in the face of Muslim League intrigues, KPP became a minority in the cabinet.[36] With the KPP minister Syed Nausher Ali's resignation within a few months of taking office, the cabinet became bereft of KPP ministers except prime minister Huq.[37]
Ahmad returned to Kolkata in 1938 as the editor of the Krishak, KPP's mouthpiece newspaper.[38] In the cabinet, prime minister Huq was cornered by the Muslim League ministers and the governor. Though his cabinet took many popular measures, like the Bengal Tenancy (Amendment) Act (1938), Money Lenders' Act (1938), reformation of the education system, etc., it couldn't benefit the peasants as expected. Relationship between Huq and the KPP became strained and the party became divided. Huq was also not in good terms with the central Muslim League leadership, including with Jinnah. Ahmad left the Krishak in July 1941 over a discontent with one of its directors[39] and joined the Navayug, patronised by Huq.[40] Huq, who had realised that Bengal's interest was being harmed by the central Muslim League leadership and was seeking a way out of it, gave Ahmad the express mission to support him in the process through Navayug.[41] Huq instituted a new cabinet called the Progressive Coalition on 10 December 1941.[42] Huq eventually resigned from the Muslim League.
The Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement
Disheartened by the Huq cabinet's weakness and KPP infighting, Ahmad's political views became perplexed and he briefly endeavoured alternative political ideologies.[43] At that time Subhas Bose, former president of the Congress, was seeking alliance between the Bengal provincial Muslim League and his newly founded Forward Bloc. He persuaded Bose to meet the central Muslim League president Jinnah, instead of the provincial Muslim League leaders.[44] Bose hesitated, citing the Lahore Resolution as the impediment. Ahmad cleared Bose's mind about the Lahore Resolution, explaining its true essence. Bose met Jinnah accordingly. However, Bose escaped house arrest and left India in 1941 in a bid to organise an armed resistance against the British rule with foreign help.
With Bose's escape, whom Ahmad regarded as the last hope for Hindu-Muslim unity in Bengal, Ahmad was drawn even more towards the Muslim League and the Pakistan movement.[45] He was deeply influenced by B R Ambedkar's and Mujibur Rahman's treatises on Pakistan.[45] He also regarded the Muslim League president Jinnah as a rational and secular leader. He concluded that Pakistan could be an option for the Muslims of Bengal. However, he feared that peasant and worker class interests might be suppressed in it unless the leadership is captured early by the class. He urged the Krishak-Praja Party workers to join the Pakistan movement and seize its leadership.[46] Bengal Muslim League leader Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy mediated in an initiative for a KPP-Muslim League front.[47] Though some KPP members, including the Krishak-Praja Samity president Abdullahil Baki, agreed but the KPP legislators refused to accept the Muslim League terms.[48] Ahmad became an active member of the Muslim League in around 1944.[48] Later the KPP leaders joined the Muslim League and the Congress sporadically, effectively disintegrating the KPP.[49]
Ahmad joined the Renaissance Society, founded by Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, editor of the Azad newspaper, and others, devoted to popularise the Pakistan movement.[50]
Pakistan
In August 1946 a great communal riot took place in Kolkata, killing many people. Ahmad observed the horrors of the riot first hand. The riot spurred the partition of India. In August 1947 India was partitioned and Pakistan was born. East Bengal joined Pakistan. Leaders like Suhrawardy and Huq were sidelined. In East Pakistan, a government led by the sycophantic Muslim League leaders came into power. Ahmad remained in Kolkata, largely inactive in politics, mainly busy editing the Ittehad, owned by Suhrawardy, starting from January 1947[51] and practicing law.[52]
The Muslim League government of East Pakistan lost popularity fast, owing to many of its unpopular moves. It sided with Jinnah on the state language question in 1948. A dissident group of the Muslim League, mainly followers of Suhrawardy and Abul Hashim, formed the Awami Muslim League (literally People's Muslim League) in 1949 in Dhaka. In 1950 Ahmad moved to his home in Mymensingh in East Pakistan and joined the Awami League.[53]
Anti-Muslim League sentiment was rife in East Pakistan. In 1952 several protesters demanding Bangla as a state language of Pakistan died as policed fired in protest. That further alienated the government. Ahmad was the proponent of the Jukta Front coalition between the Awami Muslim League and the Krisak-Sramik Party (KSP), founded by A K Fazlul Huq, in the 1954 provincial assembly election of Pakistan.[54] He also authored the 21-point program, the election manifesto of the Jukta Front.[55] He contested in the election and was elected member of parliament from the Trishal constituency of the Mymensingh district. He took office as a minister in the extended Jukta Front cabinet on 15 May 1954.[56] However, the cabinet was dismissed within a few months by the central government and governor's rule was imposed.[57]
Suhrawardy became a minister in Chaudhry Mohammad Ali cabinet. The Jukta Front coalition was disintegrating due to infighting. On several occasions, Ahmad himself took part in arbitrations to salvage the situation.
Ahmad represented the opposition in the Constitution drafting assembly session in 1956, addressing for seven hours in two days.[58]
He was the provincial education minister in the Awami League coalition cabinet, formed on 6 September 1956, led by Ataur Rahman Khan.[59] Only six days later, he took office of the commerce and industries ministry in the central government, led by Prime Minister Suhrawardy, and relocated in Karachi, the then capital of Pakistan.[60] During prime minister Suhrawardy's foreign tours, he served as the acting prime minister too.[61]
As the commerce and industry minister, Ahmad pledged to increase participation of East Pakistan in trade and commerce. He also took a number of steps against corruption in business thus antagonizing a group of influential merchants. During one of his acting prime ministership stints, he recognised the Engineers Institution of Dhaka. The president Iskander Mirza often got angry with his acts. The Suhrawardy cabinet resigned on 18 October 1957.[62]
As general Ayub Khan seized power in a coup d'état and declared Martial Law in October 1958, Ahmad was imprisoned with many other Awami League leaders[63] and was released in June 1959.[64] He was arrested again in 1962, the year Ayub Khan imposed a new constitution.[65] The same year he suffered from pleural effusion and remained in coma for eighteen days.[66] After that he gradually retired from politics.
Ahmad continued publishing political commentaries in newspapers. He ghost wrote the booklet titled Our Right to Live elaborating the six-points in 1966 for Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.[67] He also urged the democratic party leaders to take part in the 1970 general election under General Yahya Khan's Legal Framework Order (LFO).[68]
Family
Ahmad married Akikunnesa on 26 February 1926.[69] Akikunnesa was an author herself. Together they had four sons: Mahbub Anam (d. 9 July 2001), Matlub Anam (d. 7 July 2010[70]), Manzur Anam (d. 16 April 2014[71]), and Mahfuz Anam.[citation needed]
Ahmad despised the landlord system (zamindari) and was vocal for the rights of the Muslim peasants of Bengal. That was his inspiration into politics. He believed that the peasant movement was predominantly a 'Muslim organisation' devoted to ensuring social dignity of the Muslims of East Bengal.[73] Though he joined the Krishak-Praja Samity for the welfare of the landless poor peasants (bargadars), he admitted that it was not a peasant organisation in true sense; rather it represented the relatively wealthier peasants (jotedars).[73]
Ahmad criticised the 'fusionist' Hindu-Muslim unity approach, which, according to him, sought to fuse both communities into one, taken by the Hindu political and intellectual leadership.[74] He identified Chittaranjan Das and Sarat Chandra Bose as the notable exceptions who took the right approach to the problem and as a result made enemy with the central Congress leadership.[75] Ahmad also believed that Bengal's shift from Bengali Nationalism to Indian Nationalism was prompted by a fear of Muslim majority rule under democratic elections.[76]
Ahmad viewed Bengal's politics as distinct from that of India and admired its exponents, such as Chittarajnan Das, Subhas Bose, and Fazlul Huq. He believed that the Congress's refusal to form the coalition cabinet with KPP after the 1937 elections precipitated western dependence in the politics of Bengal.[77] As the Hindu leadership became dependent on the central Congress, Muslims also, by necessity, became dependent on the central Muslim League.[77] Ahmad also believed that despite being a Muslim organisation, with Bengal Congress's support, KPP would probably become a real peasant organisation, which would benefit both Hindu and Muslim landless poor peasants.[77]
Literary works
Novels
Satya Mithya (1953)
Jiban Kshudha (1955)
Ab-e-Hayat (1968)
Satires
Aina (1936–1937)
Food Conference (1944)
Gulliverer Safar Nama
Asmani Purdah
Eassy Book
Pak-Bengali Culture (1966)
Our Freedom
Reminiscence
Bangladesher Culture
Amar Dekha Rajnitir Panchash Bachhar (1969)
Sher-e-Bangla Hoite Bangabandhu (1972)
End of a Betrayal Restoration of Lahore Resolution (1975)
^Ahmad, Qeyamuddin (2020). The Wahhabi Movement in India. Routledge. Founded by Sayyid Ahmad (1786-1831) of Rae Bareli, the Wahhabi Movement in India was a vigorous movement for socio-religious reforms in Indo-Islamic society in the nineteenth century with strong political undercurrents.
Ahmad, Abul Mansur (2013) [First published 1969]. আমার দেখা রাজনীতির পঞ্চাশ বছর [Fifty Years of Politics As I Saw It] (in Bengali) (5th ed.). Dhaka: Khoshroj Kitab Mahal. ISBN978-9844380004.
BPMN (англ. Business Process Model and Notation, нотация и модель бизнес-процессов) — система условных обозначений (нотация) и их описания в XML для моделирования бизнес-процессов. Разработана Business Process Management Initiative (BPMI.org) и поддерживается Object Management Group, после слияния обеих организаций в 20...
Historic church in North Carolina, United States United States historic placeMount Ebal Methodist Protestant ChurchU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of North CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocationEnd of SR 2518, near Denton, North CarolinaCoordinates35°37′34″N 80°4′5″W / 35.62611°N 80.06806°W / 35.62611; -80.06806Area1.9 acres (0.77 ha)Built1883ArchitectSexton, John T.; Thompson, AlfredMPSDavidson County MRANRHP reference&#...
Опис файлу Опис Джерело www.idsoftware.com Автор зображення id Software Ліцензія див. нижче Ліцензування Цей твір поширюється на умовах ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.5. Коротко: ви можете вільно поширювати цей твір, змінювати і використовувати його в будь-яких цілях за умови...
Дортмунд 2013 — 40-й міжнародний шаховий турнір, який проходив з 26 липня по 4 серпня 2013 року в Дортмунді. Категорія турніру — ХІХ (середній рейтинг — 2709). Зміст 1 Учасники 2 Рух за турами 3 Турнірна таблиця 3.1 Підсумковий розподіл місць 4 Посилання 5 Примітки Учасники Фабі
Erich von DänikenLahirErich Anton Paul von Däniken14 April 1935 (umur 88)Zofingen, Aargau, SwissPekerjaanPengarang Erich Anton Paul von Däniken (lahir 14 April 1935) adalah pengarang kontroversial Swiss yang terkenal karena klaimnya mengenai pengaruh kehidupan ekstraterestrial terhadap peradaban manusia dalam buku seperti Chariots of the Gods? (diterbitkan tahun 1968). Von Däniken adalah salah satu tokoh yang memopulerkan paleokontak dan teori astronaut kuno. 26 bukunya telah diterje...
Tell Me Something I Don't KnowSingel oleh Selena Gomezdari album Another Cinderella StoryDirilis5 Agustus 2008 (2008-08-05)[1]FormatUnduhan digitalGenrePop rockDurasi3:21 (versi album)2:55 (versi remix)LabelRazor & TiePencipta Antonina Armato Ralph Churchwell Michael Nielsen Produser Ralph Churchwell Michael Nielsen Kronologi singel Selena Gomez Tell Me Something I Don't Know(2008) Whoa Oh! (Me vs. Everyone)(2009) Kronologi singel A Cinderella Story Our Lips Are Sea...
Adherents of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in Lebanon Lebanese Melkite ChristiansDistribution of Melkite Catholic Christians in LebanonLanguagesVernacular: Lebanese ArabicLiturgical: Koine Greek and ArabicReligionChristianity (Melkite Catholic) Part of a series of articles onLebanese peopleEmblem of Lebanon(Lebanese cedar) Lebanese people Lebanese people by religion: Lebanese Muslims Shia Sunni Druze Lebanese Christians Maronite Greek Orthodox Melkite Protestant CommunitiesNative communit...
Sejak edisi 1951, sepak bola beregu putra dipertandingkan dalam Pesta Olahraga seluruh Amerika. dalam edisi 1999, sepak bola beregu putri mulai digelar. Putra Hasil Tahun Tuan rumah Final Tempat ketiga Emas Perak Perunggu Tempat keempat 1951 Selengkapnya Buenos Aires, Argentina Argentina RR Kosta Rika Chili RR Paraguay 1955 Selengkapnya Mexico City, Mexico Argentina RR Meksiko Antillen Belanda RR Venezuela 1959 Selengkapnya Chicago, United States Argentina RR Brasil Amerika Serikat RR Haiti 1...
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune La Roche-l'Abeille. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiLa Roche-l'Abeille merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Haute-Vienne di Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Haute-Vienne Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Haute-Vienne Aixe-sur-Vienne Ambazac Arnac-la-Poste Augne Aureil Azat-le-Ris Ba...
Species of true bug Tetraneura ulmi Gall on an elm leaf Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Hemiptera Suborder: Sternorrhyncha Family: Aphididae Subfamily: Eriosomatinae Genus: Tetraneura Species: T. ulmi Binomial name Tetraneura ulmi(Linnaeus, 1758)[1] Synonyms Aphis ulmi Linnaeus, 1758 Tetraneura ulmi, the elm sack gall aphid and also known as a fig gall, is a species of aphid in the family Aphididae. It was des...
The new centre under construction in 2010. The ASB Tennis Centre is a tennis facility located in the Parnell district of Auckland, New Zealand. The centre was opened on 18 November 1922[1] by the Auckland Lawn Tennis Association (now Tennis Auckland) on grounds leased from the Auckland City Council, that are a part of Pukekawa / Auckland Domain.[2] Originally the centre had nine outdoor grass courts as well as a stand for 400 spectators.[3] In 1977 the surface of the c...
Karl Joseph SchulteKardinal, Uskup Agung KolnGerejaKatolik RomaKeuskupan agungKolnAwal masa jabatan25 Maret 1920Masa jabatan berakhir11 Maret 1941PendahuluFelix von HartmannPenerusJosef FringsJabatan lainKardinal-Imam Santi Quattro CoronatiImamatTahbisan imam22 Maret 1895Tahbisan uskup19 Maret 1910Pelantikan kardinal7 Maret 1921oleh Benediktus XVPeringkatKardinal-ImamInformasi pribadiLahir(1871-09-14)14 September 1871Velbert, JermanMeninggal11 Maret 1941(1941-03-11) (umur 69)Koln, Jerman...
2022 video gameRumbleverseDeveloper(s)Iron GalaxyPublisher(s)Epic Games PublishingEngineUnreal Engine 4[1]Platform(s)Microsoft WindowsPlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseAugust 11, 2022Genre(s)Brawler, battle royaleMode(s)Multiplayer Rumbleverse was a free-to-play brawler battle royale video game developed by Iron Galaxy and published by Epic Games Publishing. The game was released for Windows via Epic Games Store, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Se...
The Hinde & Dauch Paper Company was an international paper-making company that was based in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. The firm was founded as Sandusky Paper Company by W. J. Bonn in 1880.[1] Two developers of a hay-baling process, James J. Hinde and Jacob J. Dauch, later purchased the company.[2] It was ultimately acquired by the West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company.[3] A 2009 story in the Sandusky Register recalled the days of a century before, when the compa...
Hadith scholar from Medina (668–763) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fatima bint al-Mundhir ibn al-Zubayr (Arabic: فاطمة بنت المنذر بن الزبير) (668–763) was a hadith scholar from Medina, who belonged to the generation of tabi'un.[1] Education Fatima...
Election 1917 San Diego mayoral election ← 1915 April 3, 1917 (1917-04-03) 1919 → Nominee Louis J. Wilde George Marston Party Republican Progressive Popular vote 12,901 9,246 Percentage 58.3% 41.7% Mayor before election Edwin M. Capps Democratic Elected Mayor Louis J. Wilde Republican Elections in California Federal government U.S. President 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932...
Type of computer animation You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (March 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translate...
