Abrine

L-Abrine, also known as N-methyltryptophan, is a levorotatory amino acid that is primarily an alkaloid and also a derivative of L-tryptophan, in which a methyl

Abrine
L-Abrine
Names
IUPAC name
(2S)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(methylamino)propanoic acid
Other names
Abrine; N-Methyl-L-tryptophan; N-Methyl-L-tryptophane; N-methyltryptophan; N-Me-Trp-OH; E9M; α-Carboxy-N-methyltryptamine; α-COOH-NMT; AR; L-(+)-Abrine; (+)-Abrine; (±)-Abrine; ABR
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.627 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 208-388-5
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C12H14N2O2/c1-13-11(12(15)16)6-8-7-14-10-5-3-2-4-9(8)10/h2-5,7,11,13-14H,6H2,1H3,(H,15,16)/t11-/m0/s1 checkY
    Key: CZCIKBSVHDNIDH-NSHDSACASA-N checkY
  • CN[C@@H](CC1=CNC2=CC=CC=C21)C(=O)O
Properties
C12H14N2O2
Molar mass 218.256 g·mol−1
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

L-Abrine, also known as N-methyltryptophan, is a levorotatory amino acid that is primarily an alkaloid and also a derivative of L-tryptophan, in which a methyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom in the α-position. L-Abrine is found mainly in the seeds of Abrus precatorius.[1][2][3]

Pharmacology

L-Abrine enhances the efficacy of immunotherapy for liver cancer by suppressing tumor defense mechanisms through inhibition of the IDO1 enzyme and by acting in synergy with PD-1 inhibitors drugs.[4] L-Abrine effectively inhibits lung cancer metastasis by blocking the MAPK signaling pathway through direct binding to the ERK protein, which leads to the reversal of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the activation of the Nrf2 antioxidant system without causing systemic toxicity, L-abrine may be effective both as a standalone agent and in combination with ERK inhibitors.[5] L-Abrine has also been studied as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.[6]

L-abrine inhibited the SPTBN2 protein, which blocks the membrane localization of the SLC7A11 transporter and induces ferroptosis in resistant cancer cells.[7] L-abrin exhibits a marked sedative effect and potentiates the effects of hypnotics; however, its binding to GABAA receptors is relatively weak and is most likely complemented by effects on other brain systems.[8]

Natural occurrence

L-Abrine has been found in plants of the genus Abrus, with Abrus precatorius being the primary source (ranging from 0.5 to 1.0% of dry weight).[9] It was previously believed that L-abrine was characteristic only of the genus Abrus, but it has also been identified in the chemical composition of Pereskia aculeata and Pereskia grandifolia.[10][11]

  • Abrus precatorius
    Abrus precatorius
  • Pereskia aculeata
    Pereskia aculeata
  • Pereskia grandifolia
    Pereskia grandifolia

References

  1. ^ Ghosal, S.; Dutta, S. K. (1971-01-01). "Alkaloids of Abrus precatorius". Phytochemistry. 10 (1): 195–198. Bibcode:1971PChem..10..195G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90270-X. ISSN 0031-9422.
  2. ^ Laskar, Subrata; Espino, Omar; Bandyopadhyay, Debasish (2019). "Isolation, Solid-state Structure Determination, In Silico and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation of an Indole Amino Acid Alkaloid L-Abrine". Current Cancer Drug Targets. 19 (9): 707–715. doi:10.2174/1568009619666190111111937. ISSN 1873-5576. PMID 30636612.
  3. ^ Wooten, Joe Valentine; Pittman, Christopher T.; Blake, Thomas A.; Thomas, Jerry D.; Devlin, John J.; Higgerson, Renee A.; Johnson, Rudolph C. (2014). "A case of abrin toxin poisoning, confirmed via quantitation of L-abrine (N-methyl-L-tryptophan) biomarker". Journal of Medical Toxicology. 10 (4): 392–394. doi:10.1007/s13181-013-0377-9. ISSN 1937-6995. PMC 4252293. PMID 24522983.
  4. ^ Liang, Xiaowei; Gao, Hongwei; Xiao, Jian; Han, Shan; He, Jia; Yuan, Renyikun; Yang, Shilin; Yao, Chun (2023). "Abrine, an IDO1 inhibitor, suppresses the immune escape and enhances the immunotherapy of anti-PD-1 antibody in hepatocellular carcinoma". Frontiers in Immunology. 14 1185985. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185985. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 10272936. PMID 37334368.
  5. ^ Shen, Yufang; Xiao, Linyu; Liu, Lina; Liao, Lianting; Zou, Xianmin; Shen, Pengfei; Zhao, Jinlong; Yuan, Renyikun; Gao, Hongwei; Yao, Chun (2026-03-27). "Abrine targets ERK to suppress EMT and lung metastasis model via MAPKs and Nrf2/Keap-1/HO-1 signaling". Frontiers in Immunology. 17 1789110. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1789110. ISSN 1664-3224. PMC 13066140. PMID 41972188.
  6. ^ Chen, Kuan-Chung; Chen, Calvin Yu-Chian (2014). "In Silico Identification of Potent PPAR-γ Agonists from Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Bioactivity Prediction, Virtual Screening, and Molecular Dynamics Study". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014 192452. doi:10.1155/2014/192452. ISSN 1741-427X. PMC 4058246. PMID 24971147.
  7. ^ Deng, Jun; Lin, Xu; Qin, Jiajia; Li, Qi; Zhang, Yingqiong; Zhang, Qingyi; Ji, Cong; Shen, Shuying; Li, Yangling; Zhang, Bo; Lin, Nengming (2024). "SPTBN2 suppresses ferroptosis in NSCLC cells by facilitating SLC7A11 membrane trafficking and localization". Redox Biology. 70 103039. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103039. ISSN 2213-2317. PMC 10825533. PMID 38241838.
  8. ^ Ferdous, Jannatul; Bhuia, Md. Shimul; Chowdhury, Raihan; Sheikh, Salehin; Ansari, Siddique Akber; Bappi, Mehedi Hasan; Islam, Muhammad Torequl (2024-10-04). "Modulatory Sedative Activity of Abrine on Diazepam in Thiopental Sodium Mediated Sleeping Mice: An In Vivo Approach with Receptor Binding Affinity of GABAergic Transmission". ChemistrySelect. 9 (37) e202403725. doi:10.1002/slct.202403725. ISSN 2365-6549.
  9. ^ Dodge, Anthony G.; Carrasquillo, Kelvin; Rivera, Luis; Xu, Lei; Wackett, Lawrence P.; Sadowsky, Michael J. (2015). "Rapid method using two microbial enzymes for detection of L-abrine in food as a marker for the toxic protein abrin". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 81 (5): 1610–1615. Bibcode:2015ApEnM..81.1610D. doi:10.1128/AEM.03492-14. ISSN 1098-5336. PMC 4325171. PMID 25527549.
  10. ^ Pinto, Nícolas de Castro Campos; Duque, Ana Paula do Nascimento; Pacheco, Natália Ramos; Mendes, Renata de Freitas; Motta, Erick Vicente da Silva; Bellozi, Paula Maria Quaglio; Ribeiro, Antônia; Salvador, Marcos José; Scio, Elita (2015-12-02). "Pereskia aculeata : A plant food with antinociceptive activity". Pharmaceutical Biology. 53 (12): 1780–1785. doi:10.3109/13880209.2015.1008144. ISSN 1388-0209. PMID 26084799.
  11. ^ Amaral, Eduarda C.; Veiga, Alan de A.; Atherino, Juliana C.; Souza, Wesley M. de; Kita, Diogo H.; Lívero, Francislaine A.; Ratti, Gustavo da Silva; Rosa, Simony R. B.; Jacomassi, Ezilda; Souza, Lauro M. de (2025-12-23). "Unveiling the Phytochemical Diversity of Pereskia aculeata Mill. and Pereskia grandifolia Haw.: An Antioxidant Investigation with a Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis by Liquid Chromatography with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry". Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). 19 (1): 38. doi:10.3390/ph19010038. ISSN 1424-8247. PMC 12845117. PMID 41599639.

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