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Ponte 25 de Abril
Ponte 25 de Abril
	View with the Christ the King Sanctuary
Coordinates	38°41′21″N 09°10′37″W / 38.68917°N 9.17694°W
Carries	Six road lanes of IP 7 A 2 ; Two railway tracks of Linha do Sul
Crosses	Tagus River
Locale	Lisbon (right/North bank); Pragal (left/South bank)
Official name	Ponte 25 de Abril
Other name(s)	Ponte Salazar (before 1974); Tagus River Bridge
Maintained by	Lusoponte
Characteristics
Design	Suspension
Total length	3,173 metres (10,410 ft)
Width	24.5 metres (80 ft)
Longest span	1,012.9 m (3,323 ft)
Clearance below	70 m (230 ft) at mean high water
History
Constructed by	American Bridge Company
Opened	6 August 1966
Statistics
Daily traffic	150,000 cars; 157 trains
Toll	2.10 € (northbound only)
Location

The 25 de Abril Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte 25 de Abril, 25th of April Bridge, Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈpõtɨ ˈvĩtɨ (i) ˈsĩku dɨ ɐˈbɾil]) is a suspension bridge connecting the city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal, to the municipality of Almada on the left (south) bank of the Tagus River. It has a main span length of 1,013 metres (3,323 ft), making it the 48th longest suspension bridge in the world.^[3]

At the time of its inauguration in 1966, the bridge was named Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar), after Portuguese Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar, who ordered its construction. After the Carnation Revolution in 1974, which overthrew the remnants of Salazar's Estado Novo regime, the bridge was renamed for April 25, the date of the revolution. It is also commonly called the Tagus River Bridge (in Portuguese: Ponte sobre o Tejo, lit. "bridge over the Tagus").^[4]^[5]

Later changes had to be made due to the rapid increase in population. In the 1990s, a fifth car lane was added, and in 1999, a lower deck, used as a railway track, which was planned since the beginning, was finally built.^[6] Today, the upper deck carries six car lanes while the lower deck carries a double track railway, electrified at 25 kV AC.

History

Construction

From the late 19th century, there had been proposals to build a bridge across the Tagus. In 1929, the idea advanced when the Portuguese engineer and entrepreneur, António Bello, requested a government concession for a railway crossing between Lisbon and Montijo (where the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the second bridge serving Lisbon, was later built in 1998). As a result, the Minister of Public Works, Duarte Pacheco, created a commission in 1933 to analyse the request. The commission reported in 1934, and proposed building a road and rail bridge. Bids were obtained, but the proposal was subsequently put aside in favor of a bridge crossing the river at Vila Franca de Xira, 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Lisbon.

In 1953, a new government commission started work and, in 1958, recommended building the bridge, choosing the southern anchor point adjacent to the recently-built Christ the King monument (Cristo-Rei). In 1959, the international invitation to tender for the project received four bids. In 1960, the winner was announced as a consortium headed by the United States Steel Export Company, which had also submitted a bid in 1935. The American School of Lisbon was founded largely to educate the children of the American engineers brought to Portugal to work on the construction of the bridge.^[7]

Construction began on 5 November 1962. Forty-five months later, six months ahead of schedule, the bridge was inaugurated on 6 August 1966. Presiding at the ceremony was the President of Portugal, Admiral Américo Thomaz. Also present were the Prime-Minister, António de Oliveira Salazar, and the Patriarch of Lisbon, Cardinal Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira. The bridge was named Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar), after Prime Minister Salazar.^[8]

United States Steel International Inc., based in New York, was prime contractor for the bridge. Morrison-Knudsen of Portugal Ltd., an American firm based in Boise, Idaho, was U.S. Steel's principal associate. Morrison-Knudsen had previously worked on the San Francisco Bay Bridge. The bridge was designed by Steinman, Boynton, Gronquist and London of New York, and Tudor Engineering Company of San Francisco.^[9] The steel was imported from the US. Four workers died, out of a total of 3,000 who worked on the site. Construction took a total of 2,185,000 man-hours of work. The total cost of the bridge came to 2.2 billion Portuguese escudos, or US$32 million (US$225 million in 2011 adjusted for inflation).

Soon after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the bridge was renamed the 25 de Abril Bridge, the day the revolution had occurred. A symbol of those times was captured on film, with citizens removing the large brass letters spelling "Salazar" from one of the main pillars of the bridge and painting a provisional "25 de Abril" in its place.

Expansion

Sound of cars driving on 25 de Abril bridge

The upper platform, running 70 m (230 ft) above water, had four car lanes, two in each direction, with a dividing guardrail. On 23 July 1990, the guardrail was removed and a fifth, reversible lane was created. On 6 November 1998, the side walls were extended and reinforced to make space for the present six lanes. Cars crossing the bridge make a peculiar hum - listen (59s) - because the two inner lanes are made of metallic grating rather than asphalt to minimize aerodynamic forces by means of pressure equalization.

Since 30 June 1999, the lower platform has carried a double track railway. To accommodate that, the bridge underwent extensive structural reinforcements, including a second set of main cables, placed above the original set, and the main towers were increased in height. The railway had been part of the initial design, but was eliminated for economy, so the initial structure was lightened. The original builder American Bridge Company was called again for the job, performing the first aerial spinning of additional main cables on a loaded, fully operational suspension bridge.^{[citation needed]}

Traffic soon increased well beyond predictions, and has remained at maximum capacity despite the enlargement from four to six lanes, the addition of the railway, and the building of a second bridge serving Lisbon, the Vasco da Gama Bridge.

A third bridge has been on and off government plans for some time, but in May 2024 the government announced to prioritize building this new bridge as part of the new Lisbon-Madrid high-speed rail line, to be finalized in 2034.^[10]

Popular culture

Several movies have been filmed on the bridge, including some scenes in the 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service when James Bond is in a car driving across a bridge with Marc Ange Draco's henchmen, and it is also featured near the end of the movie when Bond marries Tracy and drives across the bridge with her in Bond's Aston Martin.

Normally, pedestrians cannot walk across the bridge, but every year there is a half-marathon that starts on the south bank and finishes in the north bank (Belem).

In September 2017, an observation deck was built allowing people to go to the platform.^[11]

Tolls

Using the bridge has always incurred a toll, first in both directions and then, from 1993, while travelling northbound only. The toll plaza situated on the south bank of the Tagus River. The tolls have become a source of political dispute in recent^[when?] years. The bridge was projected to have paid all debt in 20 years, and to become toll-free (or have a reduced toll) after that period. However, the Government kept charging tolls well beyond the 20-year period, until it gave the concession to Lusoponte, creating a monopoly of the Tagus crossing in Lisbon.

When opened, people had to park their car and walk to buy a toll ticket costing 20 escudos. On 14 June 1994, the government, which ran the bridge at the time, raised the toll by 50%, from 100 to 150 escudos, to prepare to give the bridge into private concession for 40 years from 1 January 1996. The concessionaire was Lusoponte, a private consortium formed to build the Vasco da Gama Bridge at no cost to the public finances in exchange for tolls from both bridges. As a result, a popular uprising led to road blockades of the bridge and consequent police charges, an event which made the right-wing Government highly unpopular and which many^[who?] believe led to a centre-left win in the 1995 general elections. The toll is set at €2.10 for passenger cars (as of January 2024^[update]), northbound (into Lisbon). There is no toll southbound, and until 2010, no tolls were collected during the month of August. From 2011 on, the Portuguese Government abolished that exception, in order to help the efforts to reduce the budget deficit.

Assuming that no legal changes happen, the concession will end on 24 March 2030, after which the bridge will again be state-managed.^[12]^[13]

Design

The 25 de Abril Bridge is based in part on two San Francisco Bay Area bridges. Its paint is the same International Orange color as the famous Golden Gate Bridge, and the design is similar as well to the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. Both the Bay Bridge and the 25 de Abril Bridge were built by the same company.^[14] The American Society of Civil Engineers says: "Like its sister bridge, the SFOBB in San Francisco, the Tagus River Bridge is located in an area with a long history of earthquakes" and seismic data had to be taken into account in its construction. Another sister bridge is the Forth Road Bridge in Edinburgh.

Upon completion, the bridge had the longest suspended span and the longest main span in Continental Europe, the world's longest continuous truss, and the world's deepest bridge foundation. It was the fifth-longest suspension bridge in the world,^[6] and the longest outside the US. Today it is the 48th longest suspension bridge in the world.

Numbers

As of 2006^[update], a daily average of 150,000 cars cross the bridge, including 7,000 during the peak hour. Rail traffic is also heavy, with a daily average of 157 trains. In all, around 380,000 people cross the bridge daily.

Other numbers:

1,012.9 m (3,323 ft) – length of main span
3,173 m (10,410 ft) – length of truss
70 m (229.7 ft) – height from water to upper platform
190.47 m (624.9 ft) – height of main towers (seventh tallest structure in Portugal)
58.6 cm (23.1 in) – diameter of each of the two sets of main cables
11,248 – number of steel wire strand cables, each 4.87 mm (0.192 in) in diameter, in each set of main cables
54,196 km (33,676 mi) – length of steel wire strand cables making up the two sets of main cables
79.3 m (260.2 ft) – depth (below water-level) of the foundation of the south pillar
30 km (19 mi) – length of access roads
32 – viaducts in the access roads

References

^ "Lusoponte". lusoponte.pt.
^ Oliveira, Catarina Miranda; Santos, João Pedro (Nov 2020). "Structural Health Monitoring of a long-span suspended bridge" (PDF). Portuguese Journal of Structural Engineering (RPEE). III (14): 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 Dec 2020.
^ "El barrio de Belém: ¿qué ver en Belém y dónde comer?". Vipealo. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
^ "Tagus River Bridge (Lisbon, 1966)". Structurae.
^ "Tagus River Bridge diary / 1962-1967". oac.cdlib.org.
^ ^a ^b "De Lisboa a Almada: a história de uma ponte no Tejo". Rádio e Televisão de Portugal. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "Carlucci American International School of Lisbon: St. Columban's Era". www.caislisbon.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
^ "Use of Special Techniques in Refurbishment", by J-P. Muzeau, in Refurbishment of Buildings and Bridges (Springer, 2014) p305
^ Morrison, H.W. “Chairman’s Memo: Bridge Opens New Vistas for Portugal.” The Em Kayan, October 1966.
^ LPP; André, Mário Rui (2024-05-15). "Novo Aeroporto, Terceira Travessia do Tejo e ligação ferroviária a Madrid: as três decisões do Governo". LPP / Lisbon For People (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2024-05-16.
^ Lima Lobo, Renata (22 September 2017). "Experiência Pilar 7: a nova vida da Ponte 25 de Abril começa quarta-feira". timeout.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 September 2020.
^ "Vasco da Gama Bridge — Funding". Lusoponte. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ "Infraestruturas Rodoviárias > Rede Rodoviária > Concessões" [Road infrastructures > Road network > Concessions] (in Portuguese). Instituto da Mobilidade e dos Transportes. Archived from the original on 2016-11-30. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions about the Golden Gate Bridge". Golden Gate Bridge. Archived from the original on 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2020-06-12.