2019–2020 French pension reform strike

2019–2020 French pension reform strike
Part of protests against Emmanuel Macron
Date	5 December 2019 – 20 February 2020 (2 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)
Location	France
Caused by	French pension reform proposal
Goals	Withdrawal of French pension reform proposals Anti-government Anti-capitalism
Methods	Strike action Protest Barricades Blocking traffic Disabling traffic Rioting Offering free service
Status	Ongoing
Parties
Gilets jaunes CGT FO SUD FSU Gauche révolutionnaire CFE-CGC CNT-F French Antifa Anarchist Revolutionaries Government National Police CRS National Gendarmerie
Lead figures
Emmanuel Macron President of the French Republic Édouard Philippe Prime Minister of France Christophe Castaner Minister of Interior

A strike began on 5 December 2019 to protest against broad changes to France's pension system proposed by President Emmanuel Macron.^{[1][2][3][4][5]} Reforming the pensions was one of President Macron's promises and there are three primary proposals of the pension reform plan. The first is to create a universal state retirement plan, which would replace the 42 individual retirement plans that exist in France. The second is a "points system", to give a pension in proportion to the contributions paid. The third is to "improve the pensions of the most disadvantaged."^[6] The result of the system would increase the retirement age of many jobs in France.

The 2019 French pension reform plan follows the prior pension reforms in 1993, 2003, 2010, and 2013, but is far more comprehensive in that rather than adjusting the system. In September 2017, Jean-Paul Delevoye was appointed as High Commissioner for Pension Reforms, and was ordered to review the pensions system. In July 2019, he delivered a report of his recommendations, outlining the basics of a bill to be proposed to the National Assembly for pension reform. He resigned on 16 December after the press revealed he forgot to disclose 13 volunteer activities including a remunerated one for the French Federation of Insurances.^[7] Jean-Paul Delevoye was replaced by Laurent Pietraszewski, former employee of the French multinational retail group Auchan.^{[citation needed][unreliable source?]} If the bill becomes law, it will only come into force in 2025.

Government ministers have claimed that the pension reforms will simplify a complex system, as well as making it fairer. Unions claim that the system will increase inequality between pensions and decrease the general level of the pensions.

This is the longest strike in modern French history.^[8] After a month of protest, polling reported in January 2020 a 61% support in favour of the strikes in the French population.^[9]

Background

The strikes, led in part by the CGT but also by the UNSA, the FSU and Solidaires unions, began prior to the disclosure of the details of President Emmanuel Macron's plan to merge France's current 42 different pension schemes into one state-managed system.^[10] The French government maintains that merging the variety of profession dependent schemes is crucial. Unions say introducing a single system will mean millions of workers will end up working beyond the legal retirement age of 62 or receiving a far lower pension.^[11]

Project

The project itself was officially announced on 11 December 2019. The mandatory impact study of the reform is to be released on 24 January with the submission of the project to the ministers.^[12] The government opted for an accelerated procedure with a submission to the House on 17 February.^[13]

The new system will essentially work in the following way:

• Workers will buy points and the number of points earned by year will depend on their salaries;
• The amount of money devoted to buying the points will correspond to 28% of their salary, 17% being paid by the employer and 9% by the employee;
• The part of the salary above €10,000 (equivalent to US$11,148 and £8,569) per month will not give points but still 2.3% of it will contribute to the pension fund;
• The buying value of a point may vary and will be decided by the State;
• Once the legal age is reached, points will be converted into pensions;
• The value of a point upon conversion in pension may vary and will be decided by the State;
• Additional points can be earned for years of maternity/paternity leave.

The new system is criticised because of its differences with the current system:

• it is impossible to predict the amount of a pension because it depends on the value of the point, which can vary over time;
• because the pensions are calculated over the whole career and not only the best years, it will create more heterogeneity between pensions as is currently the case in Germany;^[14][15]
• decreasing the maximum salary threshold from €29,000 (equivalent to US$32,329 and £24,858) to €10,000 will decrease the income of the pension fund by 4.9 billion euros (equivalent to 5.5 billion dollars and 4.2 billion pounds) per year;^[16]
• imposing that the pension fund represents more than 14% of the NGP will decrease pensions.^[12]

Initially designed to create a unique pension funds system in France, following the protest of the unions, the project has introduced 8 special plans^[17] for policemen, aeroplane pilots and stewards, train drivers, firemen, jailmen, truck drivers, fishermen and teachers. These plans were introduced to avoid strikes in critical sectors (police, air traffic) or to try to end ongoing strikes.

French information website France 24 reported that women may be the "biggest losers" with the pension reform.^[18]

Actions

Strikes began on 5 December 2019 as more than 30 unions launched strike actions with the intention to shut down the country and force President Emmanuel Macron to reevaluate his plans for pension reform. Actions resulted in the Eiffel Tower being shut down along with most of the light rail lines in Paris.^[19] 6000 police were deployed in Paris alone in anticipation of the protests, particularly around the Élysée Palace which was barricaded.^[20]

The protests became violent in the east of Paris where protesters were seen lighting fires and smashing windows.^[20][21]

The police reported 65,000 people had demonstrated in Paris, while the CGT labour union suggested 250,000 people had turned out.^[22] While across the country the Interior Ministry said more than 800,000 people were protesting the CGT said the figure was 1.5 million.^[22]

Strikes and protests continued on 6 December as unions said there would be no let-up. While some schools reopened, almost all high-speed train services were cancelled, most of the Paris metro remained shut down, and hundreds of flights were cancelled.^[11]

Transport across the country remained paralysed on 8 December as strikes by state rail company SNCF and Parisian public transport group RATP continued into their fourth day. Unions announced they were planning another large demonstration on 10 December.^[23]

On 12 December French Prime Minister Édouard Philippe unveiled the government's proposal for raising the retirement age from 62 to 64 and harmonizing the 42 different retirement schedules.^[24] The next day, the CFDT announced that it would be calling for its members to join the demonstrations on 17 December.^[25]

To protest against the loss of their special regime, ballerinas from the Paris Opera performed Swan Lake in frontcourt of Palais Garnier on 23 December.^[26]

Union workers from the electricity company EDF conducted operations to cut power of symbolic companies such as Amazon or deputies from Emmanuel Macron's party LREM,^[27] while also performing "Robin Hood" operations to put electricity back on to homes unable to pay their bills.^{[citation needed]}

In Caen, on 8 January 2020, dozens of lawyers threw their robes in front of the ministry of justice Nicole Belloubet as a sign of protest.^[28] Lawyers are also on strike protesting against the destruction of their profitable pension regime.^[29]

During union demonstrations, the level of violence exhibited by the police, as already condemned by the United Nations during the yellow vests demonstrations,^[30] was extremely high with videos allegedly reporting a police officer firing point-blank at the protesters with a riot control gun on 9 January.^[31]

On 25 January, French firefighters joined the protests. People rally on the street with Hong Kong anarchist flags, Antifa and Palestinian flags while together sang "L'Internationale" then shouted "Overthrow Capitalism!"; "Revolution now!" and there were several violent clashes with the police.

Conflicts of interests

Jean-Paul Delevoye, the High Commissioner for Pension Reforms, was revealed to be funded by the French Federation of Insurances,^[7] which has a direct interest in the pension reform. Moreover, being funded by a private company while being a member of the government is illegal according to the French constitution.^[32]

Articles have also pointed out the proximity between Emmanuel Macron and BlackRock, one of the world's largest asset management funds, which is interested in having the billions of euros of the French pension fund enter the financial market.^[33] Multiple meetings between the French government and the firm's representatives have been reported.^[34] The promotion of the head of BlackRock's French branch, Jean-Francois Cirelli, to rank of officer of the Légion d'honneur also contributed to highlight this proximity.^[35]

Reactions

French President Emmanuel Macron stated that the nationwide strikes would not weaken his resolve to reform the pension system.^[36] The workers and most unions are not backing off either.

Polling indicated a strong support of the population in favour of the strikes. According to the conservative newspaper Le Figaro, on 19 December 55% of French people found the movement against the pension reform justified.^[37] Two weeks later, in what had become the longest French strike over the last 50 years,^[8] 61% still found the movement justified.^[9]

Crowdfunding initiatives to support the strikes have flourished^[38] with a national one collecting more than 2 million euros.^[39]

Macron has delayed the unveiling of the new plan until January 10, 2023.^[40]

See also

• 1995 strikes in France
• 2010 French pension reform strikes
• 2024 French protests against the far-right
• Protests against Emmanuel Macron
• Yellow Vest protests

References

1. "Macron pension reform: Strike continues for second day". BBC News. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
2. Amaro, Silvia (6 December 2019). "France's worst strike in decades enters a second day". CNBC. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
3. Charlton, Angela (6 December 2019). "France on strike: Trains stuck, Versailles shut, unions firm". Associated Press. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
4. Said-Moorhouse, Lauren (5 December 2019). "France strikes turn violent, as police clash with protesters". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
5. Bell, Melissa (5 December 2019). "France looks to 1995 as it braces for pension reform strikes and protests". CNN. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
6. "The French pension reform – key elements". France in the United Kingdom – La France au Royaume-Uni. Retrieved 29 December 2019.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
7. "French pension reform chief quits over undeclared income scandal". euronews. 16 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
8. "French transport strike now longest in 50 years". 2 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
9. MAURER, PIERRE (3 January 2020). "Retraites: malgré un recul, le soutien des Français à la grève reste majoritaire". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
10. Nossiter, Adam (5 December 2019). "General Strike in France Challenges Macron's Latest Ambition for Change". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 December 2019. The current pension system is one of the world's most protective, for all its flaws. Many French are asking why a plan of uncertain contours and outcomes should be substituted for it.
11. Chrisafis, Angelique (6 December 2019). "France faces second day of travel chaos as strikes continue". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
12. "Réforme des retraites : plus d'un mois après le début des grèves, les six points de friction entre gouvernement et syndicats restent les mêmes". Franceinfo (in French). 9 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
13. "Réforme des retraites : le gouvernement précise le calendrier législatif". L'Express (in French). 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
14. Welle (dw.com), Deutsche. "Poverty increasingly threatens elderly Germans, says study | DW | 12 September 2019". DW.COM. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
15. Godin, Romaric (2 January 2020). "En Allemagne, la retraite à points a accru la pauvreté des personnes âgées". Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
16. Israel, Dan (30 December 2019). "Réforme des retraites: le révélateur des hauts salaires". Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
17. "Retraites : une réforme "universelle" mais déjà... huit régimes spéciaux maintenus". Marianne (in French). 30 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
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19. Chappell, Bill. "National Strike in France Shuts Down Cities Over Macron's Pension Reform Plans". NPR. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
20. Norman, Greg (6 December 2019). "Paris travel nightmare enters second day as hundreds of miles of traffic jams reported around French capital". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
21. Norman, Greg (5 December 2019). "Fires erupt in Paris as general strike creates travel nightmare, closing the Eiffel Tower and subway stations". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
22. "Strikes Against Macron's Pension Plans Shut Down Much of France". The New York Times. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
23. "France willing to delay pension reform timing as strikes continue". Reuters. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
24. Phillips, Morgan (11 December 2019). "France raises retirement age, offers concessions for 'fairer' system as pension-reform protests drag on". Fox News Channel. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
25. François-Xavier Bourmaud (13 December 2019). "Édouard Philippe se dévoile, les syndicats se braquent". Le Figaro (in French).
26. Paris Opera ballerinas perform in protest of Macron's pension reform plan, 24 December 2019, retrieved 12 January 2020
27. Livni, Ephrat (25 December 2019). "A French union cut power to an Amazon facility in support of workers". Quartz. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
28. Devant Nicole Belloubet, les avocats en grève jettent leur robe à terre, 8 January 2020, retrieved 12 January 2020
29. Chrisafis, Angelique (9 January 2020). "France strikes: nurses, teachers and lawyers join pension protests". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
30. Fouteau, Carine (7 March 2019). "UN condemns French police violence against 'yellow vests'". Mediapart. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
31. "French police face probe after video emerges of Paris protest clashes". thelocal.fr. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
32. Samuel, Henry (16 December 2019). "Emmanuel Macron's pensions Tsar resigns over conflict of interest as French strikes reach Christmas crunch". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
33. Orange, Martine (9 December 2019). "Retraites: BlackRock souffle ses conseils pour la capitalisation à l'oreille du pouvoir". Mediapart (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
34. VALLERIE, Even (26 December 2019). "Les retraites privées devraient peser davantage à l'avenir". Ouest-France (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
35. "Legion d'Honneur nomination sparks ire amidst pension reform strike". Radio France Internationale. 2 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
36. "As unions turn the screws, French PM says pension reform unavoidable". Reuters. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
37. Figaro, Le (19 December 2019). "Réforme des retraites: les Français subissent la grève mais la trouvent justifiée". Le Figaro.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
38. "Crowdfunding and solidarity: How French rail workers sustain a record-long strike". France 24. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
39. "Le pot commun.fr : Solidarité financière avec les salariés en grève". lepotcommun.fr (in French). Retrieved 12 January 2020.
40. "Macron delays controversial pension reform plans to January 2023". Radio France International. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.