The 1926 Alberta general election was held on June 28, 1926, to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta. The United Farmers of Alberta government that had first been elected in 1921 was re-elected, taking a majority of the seats in the Alberta Legislature. Herbert Greenfield had resigned as United Farmers leader and premier, and John E. Brownlee led the UFA to this second election victory, increasing the UFA's number of seats.
The writs of election were issued on May 10, 1926, allowing an election period of 40 days.
Calgary, Edmonton and Medicine Hat continued to be multi member districts. Edmonton elected five members; Calgary elected five members; Medicine Hat elected two. Previously they had elected members by Plurality block voting. Now they elected members using STV-PR, which at the time was called the Hare Proportional representation system.[3] The seats in each city were filled by candidates who received quota or plurality of the votes whether through first-choice votes or a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from less-popular candidates and from successful candidates elected with surplus votes. Each voter cast just one vote so no one group could take all the seats in a city.
Outside the large cities, districts were single member districts and MLAs were elected under the Alternative Voting system. Rural voters, like their city counterparts, cast preferential ballots and had the ability to rank the candidates. The seat was filled by the candidate who received a majority of the votes whether through first-choice votes or a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from less-popular candidates.[4] This was the first election in Canada (and in North America) where all the members were elected through something other than X voting.
This dual system of voting would last until 1956. In 1926, Medicine Hat changed to a single-member constituency.
Under STV in Edmonton, the UFA captured one seat in Edmonton where it had taken no seats in 1921 under the Liberal government's Block Voting system. The Labour party also for the first time elected an MLA in Edmonton. As well, Edmonton voters elected a Liberal and two Conservatives. This mixed crop of representatives was much better balanced than the single-party sweeps that Edmonton had previously elected through other electoral systems.
The UFA also took a great share of the rural seats, taking 42 of the province's 49 rural seats. It took four rural seats that had been captured by Liberal candidates in 1921 (Beaver River, Leduc, Sedgewick and Whitford), and one that had been won by an Independent in 1921 (Claresholm). The UFA also won the district of Empress, formerly known as Redcliffe, which had been won by the UFA in 1921. No UFA candidate ran for re-election to its seat in Medicine Hat. It gained a seat in the newly created next-door Cypress district. It also lost its St. Albert seat.
Conservatives, being a less popular party, had been badly treated under FPTP and Block Voting in 1921 but now did better. It won two seats each in Edmonton and Calgary, where Block Voting had been replaced by STV.
At the time of the election call, six seats were sitting vacant. They had been vacated by MLAs who had run in the 1925 federal election. MLA C.W. Cross was elected in the federal election. William McCartney Davidson, Calgary Independent MLA, was another one of those who had left.[5]
The UFA vote share (as measured by First Preference votes) went up 10 percent in this election compared to 1921. This shows effect of the change in voting system - the UFA actually received 15,000 fewer votes in 1926 than in 1921, but the overall number of votes cast had decreased by 118,000. Five thousand more voters voted in this election compared to 1921. But without each city voter being able to cast multiple votes the number of votes cast was much fewer. For example, the Liberals received 54,000 fewer votes. The change in percentage of UFA support resulted from urban voters not being allowed to cast multiple voters as they had done in 1921. That had artificially raised the Liberal vote count and percentage and had lowered the UFA percentage recorded for the 1921 election.
In 1926, the UFA vote count outside the cities was 69,000, having gone down from the 81,000 the party's candidates had received outside the cities in 1921. The UFA's received about half of the first-preference votes cast outside the cities, and was the secondary choice of many voters who initially had voted for another party. In each of the 42 districts where the UFA candidate won, he or she received either a majority of first Preference votes or a majority that was composed of both First Preference votes and transferred votes.[6]
Under STV, Edmonton elected a mixed bag of representatives. UFA, Liberal, Conservative, and Labour MLAs were all elected, which compared well with the total sweep that Liberals made in 1921 under Block Voting.
In Calgary, Conservative supporters found representation under STV where they had been shut out under Block Voting in 1921.
Under Alternative Voting outside the cities, if no candidate took a majority of votes in the first count, votes were transferred until a candidate acceptable to a majority of the voters was determined. In Bow Valley the UFA candidate leading in the first count did not have as much support from Conservative supporters as the Liberal candidate so when the Conservative votes were transferred, a Liberal took the seat.
In four districts only two candidates ran so vote transfers were not needed. But elsewhere three-way contests were the rule. three-cornered contests would be a feature of most elections from here on in, as Canada had passed the point when only two parties dominated politics. Labour and farmer parties were here to stay to fight it out against the two old-line parties.
In 15 of the province's 49 rural districts, three or more candidates ran and vote-splitting meant no one candidate took a majority of the votes on the first count. A UFA candidate was in the top spot in most of these contests. Liberal and Conservative party supporters were split on whether to support the other old-line party or the UFA, if their candidate was eliminated and their ballots able to be transferred to another. In many cases many Conservative and Liberal back-up preferences were marked for the UFA candidate, and in eight of those 15 districts the UFA candidate who had been leading in the first count won the seat, in three the Liberal leading was elected in the end, and in two the Labour candidate was leading and elected in the end.
The only turn-overs where the candidate leading in the first count was not elected happened in Bow Valley and Pincher Creek. In Pincher Creek, back-up preferences on votes at first placed on the Conservative candidate favoured the UFA candidate, who took the seat over the previously leading Liberal candidate. In Bow Valley, vote transfers from the Conservative candidate went mostly to the Liberal, who passed the UFA candidate in popularity. Overall party-wise the two turn-overs cancelled each other but two different individuals were elected due to the Alternative Voting system than would have been elected under FPTP.
The UFA's seat majority was due to its victories in the rural areas. Its moral right to power rested on the fact that to be elected in a rural district a candidate had to have support from a majority of a district's voters. The UFA was elected through majority support in 42 of the province's 52 districts, and its candidate in Edmonton was the most popular of all the candidates who ran there as well.[7]
^Vote comparisons not given with 1921, as previous voting system had skewed results from multiple votes recorded in Calgary, Edmonton and Medicine Hat.
^Andrew Shandro had won as the Liberal candidate in 1921, but the election was subsequently voided by the court. He would lose the subsequent 1922 byelection to the UFA candidate Mike Chornohus. In 1926, he received 373 votes.
= Open seat
= turnout is above provincial average
= Candidate was in previous Legislature
= Incumbent had switched allegiance
= Previously incumbent in another riding
= Not incumbent; was previously elected to the Legislature
1 UFA, 1 Liberal, 2 Conservatives and 1 Labour MLA were elected
18,154 valid votes Five to be elected Quota: 3026
First Count tallies
Lymburn (UFA) 3046 declared elected in 1st Count
Weaver (Conservative) 2202 declared elected in 11th Count
Prevey (Liberal) 1517 declared elected after 16th Count
Clarke (Ind-Liberal) 1179
Bowen (Liberal) 1147
Barnes (Independent) 1060
Farmilo (Labour) 973
Follinsbee (Conservative) 881
Gibbs (Labour) 879 declared elected in 15th Count
Henry (Liberal) 858
Duggan (Conservative) 857 declared elected after 16th Count
Crawford (Conservative) 782
Findlay (Labour) 628
Lakeman (Labour) 605
Rea (Liberal) 561
Roper (Labour) 478
Robertson (Conservative) 361
Leedy (Independent) 140
The vote count went like this:
1st Count Lymburn achieved quota and was declared elected. His surplus was so small it was not immediately transferred.
Leedy, Roper, Rea, Lakeman, Crawford, Findlay. Henry, Follinsbee, Barnes were eliminated, in turn. Transfer of Barnes' votes put Weaver over quota, and he was declared elected on the 11th Count. Lakeman's transfers went more to Gibbs than to Farmilo and Gibbs overtook Farmilo. That is why later Farmilo was eliminated and not Gibbs, even though Gibbs had started out with fewer votes than Farmilo.
Lymburn's surplus was transferred at this point, then Weaver's was also.
Clarke and Farmilo were eliminated. Farmilo's transfers put Gibbs over quota, and he was declared elected. This left just Bowen, Prevey and Duggan still standing, with two open seats remaining. Of the three, Prevey and Duggan were more popular than Bowen.
Gibbs' surplus was transferred. It did not change the relative standing of the three remaining candidates.
Bowen was declared defeated. Prevey and Duggan were declared elected despite not having quota.[12]
Reports on the Edmonton count concentrate on the activity from the 11th count onwards.[13][14]
Edmonton (1926 Alberta general election) (analysis of transferred votes, candidates ranked in order of 1st preference, listing only those remaining from the 11th count onwards)[13]
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