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The 16th Street Mall is a pedestrian and transit mall in Denver, Colorado that opened in 1982. The mall, 1.25 miles (2 kilometers) long, runs along 16th Street in downtown Denver, from Wewatta Street (at Union Station) to the intersection of 16th Avenue and Broadway (at Civic Center Station). The intricate granite stone sidewalks and streets were designed by architect I.M Pei to resemble the scale pattern of the western diamondback rattlesnake. It is home to over 300 stores, 50 restaurants, and the Denver Pavilions shopping mall. In April 2022, construction started on a $149-million multi-year rebuild of the 40-year-old infrastructure, expected to finish in late 2024.^[1]^[2]^[3]

History

Before the mall was built, downtown Denver experienced rates of bus congestion, especially on 16th and 17th streets, where more than 600 bus trips per day operated in 1970s, creating both air pollution and traffic congestion.^[4]^[5] The design of the area also discouraged pedestrian activity. The solution proposed by the downtown Denver business community and the Regional Transportation District (RTD) was to build two bus transfer stations at either end of 16th Street and connect the two with a pedestrian mall that would include a free transit shuttle bus service. The final design was drawn up by noted architecture firm I. M. Pei & Partners, in collaboration with the urban design and landscape architecture firm, OLIN. Construction was funded by a $75 million grant from Federal Interstate Highway Transfer Funds and the Federal Urban Mass Transit Administration, with RTD providing a local match.

It took crews two years to install trees, lights, and granite pavers along the mall.^[6] The mall opened on October 4, 1982, and over 200,000 people attended the opening day ceremonies.^[7] The mall initially stretched between Market Street (the site of the Market Street Station) and Broadway (the site of Civic Center Station). Light rail service was added on California and Stout in 1994, creating a third transit hub along the mall.

RTD purchased Union Station in 2001 and started the process of redeveloping the historic station along with 19.85 acres (8.03 ha) of land in LoDo, to create a new transit hub that would replace Market Street Station. To enable the project, the 16th Street Mall was extended from Market Street to Wynkoop Street in 2001, and to Union Station in 2002 to coincide with the completion of the new light rail spur to the station. In May 2014, RTD opened a new underground bus concourse at Union Station, and Market Street Station was closed.^[8] The land was sold to a developer for $11 million, which helped fund the redevelopment of Union Station, and the station site was transformed into a mixed-use building with residential, office, retail and restaurant space.^[9]

MallRide

A free shuttle bus service, operated by the Regional Transportation District (RTD), known as the MallRide, operates along the length of the mall, and continues north on 16th Street to Denver Union Station. Buses stop at every intersection along the route.

MallRide

Legend

					Union Station A B E G N W
					Wewatta St
					Wynkoop St
					Wazee St
					Blake St
					Market St
					Larimer St
					Lawrence St
					Arapahoe St
					Curtis St
					Champa St
					Stout St D H L
					California St D H L
					Welton Pl
					Glenarm Pl
					Tremont Pl
					Court Pl
					Cleveland Pl
					Civic Center Station (Broadway)

The service was introduced when the mall opened in 1982. It originally traveled between Market Street Station and Civic Center Station (16th & Broadway), two hubs for RTD buses at either end of downtown. Light rail service was added at 16th & California and 16th & Stout stations in 1994, creating a third transit hub along the mall. In May 2014, Market Street Station was closed and replaced with the Union Station Transit Center.^[8]

Today, the route continues to provide a connection between the A Line, B Line, C Line, E Line, W Line and the underground bus concourse at Union Station; the D Line, F Line, H Line, and L Line at 16th & California and 16th & Stout stations; and the bus concourse at Civic Center Station. RTD estimates the MallRide shuttle removes nearly a thousand daily bus trips from the streets of downtown Denver, reducing traffic congestion and improving air quality.

As part of the Union Station Transit Center opening, RTD introduced the MetroRide service, which operates parallel to the MallRide on 18th and 19th Streets, but operates much faster by making far fewer stops between Union Station and Civic Center Station.^[5] With the start of the 2022-2024 mall reconstruction project, the MallRide shuttle service is detoured, in phases, to parallel one-way streets, 15th and 17th Streets.^[1]^[10]

The MallRide has always used a fleet of right-hand-drive buses that were custom-designed and purpose-built. The right-hand-drive setup gives the operators a better view of passengers entering and exiting the buses from the right-hand side and of pedestrians who often 'wander' around the open mall and get close to the buses that can travel up to 25 mph (40 km/h). The first-generation buses which were used until 1999 were diesel-powered and front-wheel drive. The second-generation "EcoMark" buses were introduced in 1999 and were series hybrids with batteries charged by a 70 hp (52 kW) 1.6-litre compressed natural gas Ford engine.^[11] The third-generation BYD K10MR buses were introduced in 2016 and are battery electric.^[12]^[13]

Impact as an urban space

The Project for Public Spaces says of the Mall that it "provides the entire downtown with shuttle bus circulation and high quality pedestrian access to Union Station. However, its success as a place has to do with its edge uses, over 300 shops and 50 restaurants that line the Mall with cafés, window displays, and buskers."^[14]

In summer 2014, and again in 2015, the Downtown Denver Partnership and Downtown Denver Business Improvement collaborated on several Meet in the Street Sunday events, rerouting the Mall Shuttle to adjacent streets and opening much of the mall to pedestrians and cyclists, and featuring various activities to bring people together.^[15]