Κρατικό ομόλογο

Το κρατικό ομόλογο ή κυβερνητικό ομόλογο (αγγλικά: treasury bond) είναι η συνηθέστερη και πιο κοινή περίπτωση ομολόγου. Ομόλογα τέτοιου τύπου συναντώνται σε πολλές χώρες. Εκδίδονται για σχετικά μεγάλα ποσά, θεωρούνται εξαιρετικής πιστωτικής αξίας και έχουν μεγάλη ρευστότητα. Με τον τρόπο αυτό οι κυβερνήσεις καλύπτουν σε ένα βαθμό τις δανειακές τους ανάγκες. Θεωρούνται σημείο αναφοράς για την τιμολόγηση όλων των άλλων εκδόσεων.

Η αγορά των κυβερνητικών ομολόγων των ΗΠΑ είναι η μεγαλύτερη στον κόσμο αποτελώντας γι’ αυτό σημείο αναφοράς των διεθνών αγορών, με τα T-bonds, T-bills, T-notes (όπου το Τ σημαίνει Treasury).

Μεταξύ των βασικών αιτιών που συντέλεσαν σε αυτήν την ανάπτυξη ήταν τα μεγάλα ελλείμματα του προϋπολογισμού της χώρας και η διεθνοποίηση της αγοράς αυτής αφού ο αριθμός των ξένων επενδυτών αυξήθηκε με γρήγορους ρυθμούς. Σήμερα το μεγαλύτερο μέρος των κυβερνητικών ομολόγων βρίσκεται στα χέρια ξένων επενδυτών.

Προϊόντα αυτής της αγοράς είναι τα έντοκα γραμμάτια (αγγλικά: treasury bills), τα ομόλογα με διάρκεια από 2 έως 10 χρόνια (αγγλικά: treasury notes) και τα ομόλογα με διάρκεια μεγαλύτερη των 10 ετών (αγγλικά: treasury bonds). Δημοφιλέστερα και γνωστότερα μεταξύ των τελευταίων τα 30χρόνα ομόλογα, η απόδοση των οποίων είναι σημείο αναφοράς της τάσεως των μακροχρονίων επιτοκίων στις ΗΠΑ.

Άλλες σημαντικές αγορές κρατικών ομολόγων είναι αυτή της Ιαπωνίας, της Γερμανίας και της Μ. Βρετανίας.

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