Καρλ Πίρσον
Ο Καρλ Πίρσον (αγγλ. Karl Pearson Carl Pearson ; 27 Μαρτίου 1857 - 27 Απριλίου 1936 ) ήταν Άγγλος μαθηματικός . Καθιέρωσε τον κλάδο της στατιστικής και ίδρυσε το πρώτο ακαδημαϊκό τμήμα στατιστικής παγκοσμίως στο Πανεπιστήμιο του Λονδίνου το 1911 ενώ συνεισέφερε σημαντικά στον κλάδο της βιομετρικής και μετεωρολογίας . Ο Πίρσον ήταν υποστηρικτής του κοινωνικού δαρβινισμού και της καλλιγένειας. Υπήρξε ο ευνοούμενος και ο βιογράφος του σερ Φράνσις Γκάλτον.
Επιμελήθηκε και ολοκλήρωσε το Common Sense of the Exact Sciences (1885)[ 14] History of the Theory of Elasticity , τόμος 1 (1886–1893)[ 15] [ 16]
Ο Πίρσον έλαβε ευρεία αναγνώριση σε πολλούς κλάδους και έλαβε μεταξύ άλλων τα εξής βραβεία από ποικίλα επαγγελματικά σωματεία:
1896: εξελέγη εταίρος της Βασιλικής Εταιρείας [ 17]
1898: βραβεύτηκε με το μετάλλιο Δαρβίνου[ 18]
1911: βραβεύτηκε με τον τίτλο του επίτιμου διδάκτορα από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Σαιντ Άντριους
1911: βραβεύτηκε ως διδάκτορας από το Πανεπιστήμιο του Λονδίνου
1920: του προσφέρθηκε (και αρνήθηκε) το Τάγμα της Βρετανικής Αυτοκρατορίας
1932: βραβεύτηκε με το μετάλλιο Rudolf Virchow από το Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
1935: του προσφέρθηκε (και αρνήθηκε) του αξίωμα του ιππότη
Pearson, Karl (1880). The New Werther
Pearson, Karl (1882). The Trinity: A Nineteenth Century Passion-play
Pearson, Karl (1887). Die Fronica
Pearson, Karl (1887). The Moral Basis of Socialism
Pearson, Karl (1888). The Ethic of Freethought
Pearson, Karl (1892). The Grammar of Science (ISBN 0-486-49581-7
Pearson, Karl (1892). The New University for London: A Guide to its History and a Criticism of its Defects
Pearson, K (1896). «Mathematical Contributions to the Theory of Evolution. III. Regression, Heredity and Panmixia». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 187 : 253–318. doi :10.1098/rsta.1896.0007 Bibcode : 1896RSPTA.187..253P . Pearson, Karl (1897). The Chances of Death and Other Studies in Evolution 2 Vol . London: Edward Arnold.
Pearson, Karl (1904). On the Theory of Contingency and its Relation to Association and Normal Correlation
Pearson, Karl (1905). On the General Theory of Skew Correlation and Non-linear Regression
Pearson, Karl (1906). A Mathematical Theory of Random Migration
Pearson, Karl (1907). Studies in National Deterioration . London: Dulau & Co.
Pearson, Karl, & Pollard, A.F. Campbell (1907). An Experimental Study of the Stresses in Masonry Dams
Pearson, Karl (1907). A First Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1909). A First Study of the Inheritance of Vision and of the Relative Influence of Heredity and Environment on Sight
Pearson, Karl; Reynolds, W. D., & Stanton, W. F. (1909). On a Practical Theory of Elliptical and Pseudo-elliptical Arches, with Special Reference to the Ideal Masonry Arch .
Pearson, Karl (1909). The Groundwork of Eugenics
Pearson, Karl (1909). The Scope and Importance to the State of the Science of National Eugenics
Pearson, Karl, & Barrington, Amy (1910). A Preliminary Study of Extreme Alcoholism in Adults
Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring
Pearson, Karl (1910). The Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring: A Reply to the Cambridge Economists
Pearson, Karl, & Elderton, Ethel M. (1910). A Second Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism on the Physique and Ability of the Offspring
Pearson, Karl (1911). An Attempt to Correct some of the Misstatements Made by Sir Victor Horsley and Mary D. Sturge, M.D. in the Criticisms of the Galton Laboratory Memoir: A First Study of the Influence of Parental Alcoholism, &c
Pearson, Karl; Nettleship, Edward, & Usher, Charles (1911–1913). A Monograph on Albinism in Man 2 Vol . London: Dulau & Co., Ltd.
Pearson, Karl (1912). The Problem of Practical Eugenics
Pearson, Karl (1912). Tuberculosis, Heredity and Environment . London: Dulau & Co.
Pearson, Karl (1913). On the Correlation of Fertility with Social Value: A Cooperative Study . London: Dulau & Co.
Pearson, Karl, & Jaederholm, Gustav A. (1914). Mendelism and the Problem of Mental Defect, II: On the Continuity of Mental Defect . London: Dulau & Co.
Pearson, Karl; Williams, M.H., & Bell, Julia (1914). A Statistical Study of Oral Temperatures in School Children Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2016-10-09 στο Wayback Machine .. London: Dulau & Co.
Pearson, Karl (1914-24-30). The Life, Letters and Labours of Francis Galton
Pearson, Karl (1915). Some Recent Misinterpretations of the Problem of Nurture and Nature
Pearson, Karl; Young, A.W., & Elderton, Ethel (1918). On the Torsion Resulting from Flexure in Prisms with Cross-sections of Uni-axial Symmetry Only
Pearson, Karl, & Bell, Julia (1919). A Study of the Long Bones of the English Skeleton
Pearson, Karl (1920). The Science of Man: its Needs and its Prospects . Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, Karl, & Karn, Mary Noel (1922). Study of the Data Provided by a Baby-clinic in a Large Manufacturing Town . Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, Karl (1922). Francis Galton, 1822–1922: A Centenary Appreciation . Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, Karl (1923). On the Relationship of Health to the Psychical and Physical Characters in School Children . Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, Karl (1926). On the Skull and Portraits of George Buchanan . Edinburgh, London: Oliver & Boyd. Άρθρα
Pearson, Karl (1883). «Maimonides and Spinoza» . Mind 8 (31): 338–353. doi :10.1093/mind/os-VIII.31.338 . https://archive.org/stream/mindreview08edinuoft#page/338/mode/2up . Pearson, Karl (1885). «On a Certain Atomic Hypothesis». Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 14 : 71–120. Pearson, Karl (1890). «On Wöhler's Experiments on Alternating Stress» . The Messenger of Mathematics XX : 21–37. https://archive.org/stream/messengermathem02unkngoog#page/n16/mode/2up . Pearson, Karl (1891). «Ether Squirts». American Journal of Mathematics 13 (4): 309–72. doi :10.2307/2369570 Pearson, Karl (1897). "On Telegony in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LX, pp. 273–283.
Pearson, Karl (1897). "On a Form of Spurious Correlation which May Arise when Indices are Used in the Measurement of Organs," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LX, pp. 489–502.
Pearson, Karl (1899). «On the Reconstruction of the Stature of Prehistoric Races» . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 192 : 169–243. doi :10.1098/rsta.1899.0004 Bibcode : 1899RSPTA.192..169P . https://archive.org/stream/philosophicaltr53britgoog#page/n200/mode/2up . Pearson, Karl; Lee, Alice; Bramley-Moore, Leslie (1899). «Genetic (Reproductive) Selection» . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 192 : 257–330. doi :10.1098/rsta.1899.0006 Bibcode : 1899RSPTA.192..257P . https://archive.org/stream/philosophicaltr53britgoog#page/n294/mode/2up . Pearson, Karl, & Whiteley, M.A. (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, I: A First Study of the Variability and Correlation of the Hand," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LXV, pp. 126–151.
Pearson, Karl, & Beeton, Mary (1899). "Data for the Problem of Evolution in Man, II: A First Study on the Inheritance of Longevity and the Selective Death-rate in Man," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LXV, pp. 290–305.
Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Law of Reversion," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LXVI, pp. 140–164.
Pearson, Karl; Beeton, M., & Yule, G.U. (1900). "On the Correlation Between Duration of Life and the Number of Offspring," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London , Vol. LXVII, pp. 159–179.
Pearson, Karl (1900). "On the Criterion that a Given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables is Such that it can be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling," Philosophical Magazine , 5th Series, Vol. L, pp. 157–175.
Pearson, Karl (1901). "On Lines and Planes of Closest Fit to Systems of Points in Space," Αρχειοθετήθηκε 2018-06-22 στο Wayback Machine . Philosophical Magazine , 6th Series, Vol. II, pp. 559–572.
Pearson, Karl (1902–1903). "The Law of Ancestral Heredity," Biometrika , Vol. II, pp. 221–229.
Pearson, Karl (1903). "On a General Theory of the Method of False Position", Philosophical Magazine , 6th Series, Vol. 5, pp. 658–668.
Pearson, Karl (1907). "On the Influence of Past Experience on Future Expectation," Philosophical Magazine , 6th Series, Vol. XIII, pp. 365–378.
Pearson, Karl, & Gibson, Winifred (1907). "Further Considerations on the Correlations of Stellar Characters," Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Pearson, Karl (1910). «A Myth About Edward the Confessor» . The English Historical Review 25 : 517–520. doi :10.1093/ehr/xxv.xcix.517 . https://archive.org/stream/englishhistorica25londuoft#page/516/mode/2up . Pearson, Karl (1920). «The Problems of Anthropology» . The Scientific Monthly 11 (5): 451–458. Bibcode : 1920SciMo..11..451P . https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1920-11_11_5/page/451 . Pearson, Karl (1930). "On a New Theory of Progressive Evolution," Annals of Eugenics , Vol. IV, Nos. 1–2, pp. 1–40.
Pearson, Karl (1931). "On the Inheritance of Mental Disease," Annals of Eugenics , Vol. IV, Nos. 3–4, pp. 362–380. Miscellany
Pearson, Karl (1885). The Common Sense of the Exact Sciences
Pearson, Karl (1886–1893). A History of the Theory of Elasticity and of the Strength of Materials from Galilei to the Present Time Vol. 2 , Vol. 3 . Cambridge University Press (editor).
Pearson, Karl (1888). The Positive Creed of Freethought: with Some Remarks on the Relation of Freethought to Socialism. Being a Lecture Delivered at South Place Institute . London: William Reeves.
Pearson, Karl (1901). National Life from the Stand-point of Science: An Address Delivered at Newcastle
Pearson, Karl (1908). A Second Study of the Statistics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Marital Infection . London: Dulau & Co. (editor).
Pearson, Karl (1910). Nature and Nurture, the Problem of the Future: A Presidential Address
Pearson, Karl (1911). The Academic Aspect of the Science of Eugenics: A Lecture Delivered to Undergraduates
Pearson, Karl (1912). Treasury of Human Inheritance 2 Vol . Dulau & Co., London (editor).
Pearson, Karl (1912). Eugenics and Public Health: An Address to Public Health Officers
Pearson, Karl (1912). Darwinism, Medical Progress and Eugenics. The Cavendish Lecture: An Address to the Medical Profession
Pearson, Karl (1912). Social Problems, their Treatment, Past, Present, and Future: A Lecture
Pearson, Karl (1914). On the Handicapping of the First-born: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Galton Laboratory
Pearson, Karl (1914). Tables for Statisticians and Biometricians
Pearson, Karl (1919–22). Tracts for Computers . Cambridge University Press (editor).
Pearson, Karl (1921). Side Lights on the Evolution of Man: Being a Lecture Delivered at the Royal Institution . Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, Karl (1922). Tables of the Incomplete Γ-Function
Pearson, Karl (1923). Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: An Appreciation. Being a Lecture Delivered to the Teachers of the London County Council
Pearson, Karl (1927). The Right of the Unborn Child: Being a Lecture Delivered... to Teachers from the London County Council Schools
Pearson, Karl (1934). Tables of the Incomplete Beta-function . Cambridge University Press. 2nd ed. , 1968 (editor).
↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Γαλλίας : (Γαλλικά ) καθιερωμένοι όροι της Εθνικής Βιβλιοθήκης της Γαλλίας 12299179c . Ανακτήθηκε στις 10 Οκτωβρίου 2015.↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ↑ 3,0 3,1 (Αγγλικά ) SNAC w69s1t36 . Ανακτήθηκε στις 9 Οκτωβρίου 2017.
↑ 4,0 4,1 «Большая советская энциклопедия » (Ρωσικά ) Η Μεγάλη Ρωσική Εγκυκλοπαίδεια . Μόσχα . 1969. Ανακτήθηκε στις 28 Σεπτεμβρίου 2015.↑ MacTutor History of Mathematics archive ↑ 6,0 6,1 (Αγγλικά ) Find A Grave
↑ CONOR.SI 208448611 .↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 «Who's who » (Βρετανικά αγγλικά , Αγγλικά ) A & C Black U215311 .↑ Ανακτήθηκε στις 8 Ιουλίου 2019.
↑ (Αγγλικά ) Mathematics Genealogy Project
↑ Ανακτήθηκε στις 17 Ιουνίου 2019.
↑ «Oxford Dictionary of National Biography » (Αγγλικά ) Oxford University Press . Οξφόρδη . 2004. 35442 .↑ www ↑ textsThe common sense of the exact sciences ↑ Todhunter, Isaac· Pearson, Karl. A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials, from Galilei to the present time 1 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ↑ Todhunter, Isaac· Pearson, Karl. A history of the theory of elasticity and of the strength of materials, from Galilei to the present time 2 . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ↑ «Library and Archive catalogue» . Sackler Digital Archive . Royal Society. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 25 Οκτωβρίου 2011. Ανακτήθηκε στις 1 Ιουλίου 2011 . ↑ «Pearson, Karl» . Who's Who 59 : 1373. 1907. https://books.google.com/books?id=yEcuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1373 .
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., «Καρλ Πίρσον» , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pearson.html Καρλ Πίρσον στο Mathematics Genealogy Project John Aldrich's Karl Pearson: a Reader's Guide at the University of Southampton (contains many useful links to further sources of information).
Encyclopædia Britannica Karl Pearson
Gavan Tredoux's Francis Galton website, galton.org , contains Pearson's biography of Francis Galton, and several other papers – in addition to nearly all of Galton's own published works.
Karl Pearson and the Origins of Modern Statistics at The Rutherford Journal .
"Studies in the history of probability and statistics, L: Karl Pearson and the Rule of Three" [νεκρός σύνδεσμος From Masaryk to Karl Pearson , Philosophy as Scientia Scientiarum
