Die Syngamie umfasst zum einen die Plasmogamie, also Verschmelzung der Zellplasmen, zum anderen die Karyogamie, also Verschmelzung der Zellkerne. Folgen Plasmogamie und Karyogamie kurz oder unmittelbar aufeinander, dauert die Syngamie nur kurze Zeit (beispielsweise bei Myxogastria).[2] Liegen Plasmogamie und Karyogamie dagegen wie z. B. bei den meisten Pilzen, zeitlich weit auseinander, dauert sie entsprechend länger. In beiden Fällen ist das Ergebnis in der Regel eine diploideZygote.
Bei der Syngamie erfolgt bei Eukaryoten in der Regel der Ausschluss männlicher Mitochondrien[5] und bei Pflanzen auch der Ausschluss männlicher Plastiden.[6] Wie bei vielen Mechanismen, kann auch der Ausschluss paternaler Mitochondrien gestört sein[7] oder in einigen Taxa anders geregelt sein.[8]
↑Jan Tesarik: Reproductive semi-cloning respecting biparental embryo origin: embryos from syngamy between a gamete and a haploidized somatic cell. In: Human Reproduction, Band 17, Nr. 8, 2002, S. 1933—1937, doi:10.1093/humrep/17.8.1933(PDF).
↑Ian K. Ross: Syngamy and plasmodium formation in the Myxogastres. In: American Journal of Botany, Band 44, Nr. 10, 1957, S. 843–850.
↑Gianpiero D. Palermo, Liliana T. Colombero, Zev Rosenwaks: The human sperm centrosome is responsible for normal syngamy and early embryonic development. In: Reviews of Reproduction, 2, 1997, S. 19—27 (PDF).
↑ V. Y. Rawe, Y. Terada, S. Nakamura, C. F. Chillik, S. Brugo Olmedo, H. E. Chemes: A pathology of the sperm centriole responsible for defective sperm aster formation, syngamy and cleavage. In: Human Reproduction, Band 17, Nr. 9, September 2002, S. 2344—2349, doi:10.1093/humrep/17.9.2344.
↑Miyuki Sato, Ken Sato: Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA by diverse mechanisms to eliminate paternal mitochondrial DNA. In: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research, Band 1833, Nr. 8, 2013, S. 1979—1984, doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.010.
↑H. Lloyd Mogensen: Exclusion of male mitochondria and plastids during syngamy in barley as a basis for maternal inheritance. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Band 85, Nr. 8, 1988, S. 2594—2597 (PDF).
↑Justin St John, Denny Sakkas, Konstantina Dimitriadi, Annette Barnes, Victoria Maclin, Jacques Ramey, Christopher Barratt, Christopher De Jonge: Failure of elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in abnormal embryos. In: The Lancet, Band 355, Nr. 9199, 2000, S. 200, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03842-8.
↑Eleftherios Zouros, Kenneth R. Freeman, Amy Oberhauser Ball, Grant H. Pogson: Direct evidence for extensive paternal mitochondrial DNA inheritance in the marine mussel Mytilus. In: Nature, Band 359, Nr. 6394, 1992, S. 412–414.
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