Nakajima-Zwanzig-Gleichung

Die Nakajima-Zwanzig-Gleichung (benannt nach den beiden Physikern Sadao Nakajima und Robert Zwanzig) ist eine Integrodifferentialgleichung, welche die Zeitentwicklung des „relevanten“ Anteils eines quantenmechanischen Systems beschreibt. Sie wird im Dichteoperatorformalismus formuliert und kann als Verallgemeinerung der Mastergleichung angesehen werden.

Die Gleichung ist Teil der Mori-Zwanzig-Theorie in der statistischen Mechanik irreversibler Prozesse (benannt zusätzlich nach Hazime Mori). Dabei wird mit Hilfe eines Projektionsoperators die Dynamik in einen langsamen, kollektiven Anteil zerlegt (relevanter Anteil) und in einen schnell fluktuierenden irrelevanten Anteil. Ziel ist es, dynamische Gleichungen für den kollektiven Anteil zu entwickeln.

Herleitung

Beginnend[1] mit der quantenmechanischen Liouville-Gleichung (von Neumann Gleichung)

mit dem Liouvilleoperator definiert durch .

Der Dichteoperator (Dichtematrix) wird durch den Projektionsoperator in zwei Anteile zerlegt, mit . Der Projektionsoperator projiziert auf den oben angesprochenen relevanten Anteil, für den eine Bewegungsgleichung abgeleitet werden soll.

Die Liouville - von Neumann Gleichung kann also durch

dargestellt werden.

Die zweite Zeile wird formal durch

gelöst. Eingesetzt in die erste Gleichung erhält man die Nakajima-Zwanzig-Gleichung:

Unter der Annahme, dass der inhomogene Term verschwindet[2] und der Abkürzung

,

sowie der Ausnutzung von erhält man die endgültige Form

Literatur

  • E. Fick, G. Sauermann: The Quantum Statistics of Dynamic Processes. Springer-Verlag, 1983, ISBN 3-540-50824-4.
  • Heinz-Peter Breuer, Francesco Petruccione: Theory of Open Quantum Systems. Oxford 2002, ISBN 0-19-852063-8.
  • Hermann Grabert: Projection operator techniques in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. (= Springer Tracts in Modern Physics. Band 95). 1982.
  • R. Kühne, P. Reineker: Nakajima-Zwanzig's generalized master equation: Evaluation of the kernel of the integro-differential equation. In: Zeitschrift für Physik B (Condensed Matter). Band 31, 1978, S. 105–110. doi:10.1007/BF01320131

Originalarbeiten

  • Sadao Nakajima: On Quantum Theory of Transport Phenomena. In: Progress of Theoretical Physics. Band 20, Nr. 6, 1958, S. 948–959.
  • Robert Zwanzig: Ensemble Method in the Theory of Irreversibility. In: Journal of Chemical Physics. Band 33, Nr. 5, 1960, S. 1338–1341.

Quellen

Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise

  1. Die Herleitung findet sich ähnlich wie hier z. B. in H.-P. Breuer, F. Petruccione: The theory of open quantum systems. Oxford University Press, 2002, S. 443ff.
  2. Dies kann man machen, wenn man annimmt, dass der irrelevante Anteil der Dichtematrix zum Startzeitpunkt 0 ist, also der Projektor für t=0 die Identität ist.

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