ChIP-Seq

ChIP-Seq Ablaufschema

Die ChIP-Seq (von engl. Chromatin ImmunoPrecipitation DNA-Sequencing) ist eine biochemische Methode zur Bestimmung von Protein-DNA-Interaktionen. Die ChIP-Seq ist eine Kombination aus einer Chromatin-Immunpräzipitation und der DNA-Sequenzierung im Hochdurchsatz.[1][2] DNA-Protein-Interaktionen kommen bei Bindungssequenzen für Transkriptionsfaktoren an Promotoren, Enhancer, Repressoren, Silencer, Isolatoren sowie bei Bindungssequenzen für die DNA-Replikation vor.[3]

Eigenschaften

Das gereinigte rekombinante Protein wird mit der DNA vermischt oder in vivo gebunden, mit Formaldehyd reversibel quervernetzt. Anschließend erfolgt eine Fragmentierung per Ultraschall und eine Immunpräzipitation der vernetzten Protein-DNA-Komplexe mit einem Antikörper gegen das rekombinante Protein oder sein Protein-Tag. Abschließend erfolgt die thermische Freisetzung der DNA und eine DNA-Sequenzierung im Hochdurchsatz.

Eine Alternativmethode ist die ChIP-on-Chip, welche die Chromatin-Immunpräzipitation mit einer Hybridisierung mit einem DNA-Microarray (synonym DNA-Chip) verbindet. Durch eine parallele Verwendung beider Methoden können systematische Fehler der Methoden teilweise gemindert werden. Im Gegensatz zum ChIP-on-Chip erhöhen sich bei der ChIP-Seq die Kosten bei einer Erhöhung der Sensitivität, da hierbei viele Sequenziervorgänge erforderlich werden. Eine Variante der ChIP-Seq ist die Competition ChIP-Seq mit der untersucht wird, ob zwei Transkriptionsfaktoren um die Bindung an DNA-Sequenzen kompetieren.[4]

Verwandte Methoden ohne Immunpräzipitation sind die DNAse-Seq und die FAIRE-Seq (formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements with high-throughput sequencing), welche entfaltete Regionen der DNA sequenzieren, an denen eine Regulation der Genexpression stattfindet.[5] Die ChIRP-Seq ist eine ChIP-Seq, bei der DNA-bindende RNA selektiv nachgewiesen werden kann.[6]

Die Kombination eines Nuclease Protection Assays mit einer ChIP-Seq wird als ChIP-Exo bezeichnet, bei der von Proteinen unbedeckte DNA-Bereiche durch eine Exonuklease aus dem Bakteriophagen λ verdaut werden, die übrigen dagegen sequenziert werden.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. T. S. Furey: ChIP-seq and beyond: new and improved methodologies to detect and characterize protein-DNA interactions. In: Nat Rev Genet. (2012), Band 13, Ausgabe 12, S. 840–852. doi:10.1038/nrg3306. PMID 23090257; PMC 3591838 (freier Volltext).
  2. C. S. Pareek, R. Smoczynski, A. Tretyn: Sequencing technologies and genome sequencing. In: J Appl Genet. (2011), Band 52, Ausgabe 4, S. 413–435. doi:10.1007/s13353-011-0057-x. PMID 21698376; PMC 3189340 (freier Volltext).
  3. M. J. Buck, J. D. Lieb: ChIP-chip: considerations for the design, analysis, and application of genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments. In: Genomics (2004), Band 83, Ausgabe 3, S. 349–360. PMID 14986705.
  4. C. R. Lickwar, F. Mueller, J. D. Lieb: Genome-wide measurement of protein-DNA binding dynamics using competition ChIP. In: Nature protocols. Band 8, Nummer 7, 2013, S. 1337–1353, doi:10.1038/nprot.2013.077, PMID 23764940.
  5. L. Song, Z. Zhang, L. L. Grasfeder, A. P. Boyle, P. G. Giresi, B. K. Lee, N. C. Sheffield, S. Gräf, M. Huss, D. Keefe, Z. Liu, D. London, R. M. McDaniell, Y. Shibata, K. A. Showers, J. M. Simon, T. Vales, T. Wang, D. Winter, Z. Zhang, N. D. Clarke, E. Birney, V. R. Iyer, G. E. Crawford, J. D. Lieb, T. S. Furey: Open chromatin defined by DNaseI and FAIRE identifies regulatory elements that shape cell-type identity. In: Genome research. Band 21, Nummer 10, Oktober 2011, S. 1757–1767, doi:10.1101/gr.121541.111, PMID 21750106, PMC 3202292 (freier Volltext).
  6. Ci Chu, Qu, Kun, Zhong, Franklin L., Artandi, Steven E., Chang, Howard Y.: Genomic Maps of Long Noncoding RNA Occupancy Reveal Principles of RNA-Chromatin Interactions. In: Molecular Cell. 31. August 2011, doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.027.
  7. Shaun Mahony, B. Franklin Pugh: Protein–DNA binding in high-resolution. In: Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 50, 2015, S. 269, doi:10.3109/10409238.2015.1051505.

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