Steroid

Cyfansoddyn organig yw steroid ac mae iddo bedwar cylch sydd wedi eu trefnu mewn cyfluniad moleciwlaidd penodol. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau amlwg y mae colesterol

Steroid
Steroid
Enghraifft o:dosbarth strwythurol cyfansoddion cemegol Edit this on Wikidata
Mathorganic polycyclic compound, Terpenoid, biogenic lipid Edit this on Wikidata
Rhan osteroid binding, steroid catabolic process, steroid metabolic process, steroid biosynthetic process, steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity Edit this on Wikidata
Dynodwyr
SMILESC12c(c3c(c(cc3)*)(c)cc1)ccc4c2(cccc4)c edit this on wikidata
Thesawrws y BNCF5209 edit this on wikidata
Tudalen Comin Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia
Complex chemical diagram
System cylchoedd steroid: Dangosir system cylchoedd rhiant steroid ABCD (fframwaith hydrocarbon) gyda llythrennu (cylchoedd) a rhifo (atomau) wedi eu cymeradwyo gan IUPAC.:1785f

Cyfansoddyn organig yw steroid ac mae iddo bedwar cylch sydd wedi eu trefnu mewn cyfluniad moleciwlaidd penodol. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau amlwg y mae colesterol lipid dietegol, yr hormonau rhyw estradiol a thestosteron:10-19 a'r cyffur gwrthlidiol decsamethason.[1][2] Ceir dwy brif swyddogaeth fiolegol i steroidau: mae rhai steroidau (megis colesterol) yn chwarae rhan allweddol mewn cellbilennau ac yn newid hylifedd pilenni, gweithreda llawer o steroidau hefyd fel moleciwlau signalau sy'n actifadu derbynyddion hormonau steroid.

Mae strwythur craidd steroid yn cynnwys dau ar bymtheg o atomau carbon sydd wedi'u bondio mewn pedwar cylch "ymdoddedig": tri chylch yn cynnwys chwe aelod seiclohecsan (cylchoedd A, B a C yn y darlun) ac un cylch o bum aelod cyclopentane (cylch D). Mae steroidau'n amrywio yn ôl grŵp swyddogaethol, nodwedd sydd ynghlwm a'r strwythur craidd uchod, ynghyd â chyflwr ocsidiad y cylchoedd. Math o steroid yw sterolau, ac maent yn cynnwys hydrocsyl yn safle tri'r darlun a deillia eu sgerbwd o cholestane.:1785f [3] Gallant hefyd amrywio'n sylweddol wedi newidiadau i strwythur y cylch (er enghraifft, holltau yn y cylchoedd sy'n cynhyrchu secosteroidau, fel fitamin D3).

Gellir canfod cannoedd o steroidau mewn planhigion, anifeiliaid a ffyngau. Mae'r holl steroidau yn cael eu cynhyrchu mewn celloedd o'r sterols lanosterol (anifeiliaid a ffyngau) neu cycloartenol (planhigion). Deillia lanosterol a cycloartenol o cylcheiddiad y sgwâr triterpene.[4][5]

Cyfeiriadau

  1. ↑ Lednicer D (2011). Steroid Chemistry at a Glance. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-66084-3.
  2. ↑ "Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids--new mechanisms for old drugs". The New England Journal of Medicine 353 (16): 1711–23. Hydref 2005. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050541. PMID 16236742. https://pedclerk.uchicago.edu/sites/pedclerk.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/Addison%27sGCTx.NEJM_.2005.pdf. Adalwyd 6 Mawrth 2018.
  3. ↑ "Nomenclature of steroids, recommendations 1989". Pure Appl. Chem. 61 (10): 1783–1822. 1989. doi:10.1351/pac198961101783. http://iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1989/pdf/6110x1783.pdf. Also available with the same authors at "IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (JCBN). The nomenclature of steroids. Recommendations 1989". European Journal of Biochemistry / FEBS 186 (3): 429–58. Rhagfyr 1989. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x. PMID 2606099. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15228.x/epdf.; Also available online at "The Nomenclature of Steroids". London, GBR: Queen Mary University of London. t. 3S–1.4. Cyrchwyd 10 Mai 2014.
  4. ↑ "Lanosterol biosynthesis". Recommendations on Biochemical & Organic Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology. International Union Of Biochemistry And Molecular Biology.
  5. ↑ CarbDM: Anabolic steroids and Performance enhancing substance

"The nuclear pregnane X receptor: a key regulator of xenobiotic metabolism". Endocrine Reviews 23 (5): 687–702. Hydref 2002. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0038. PMID 12372848.

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